Biological Science (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780134678320
Author: Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Greg Podgorski, Emily Taylor, Jeff Carmichael
Publisher: PEARSON
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Question
Chapter 45, Problem 14PIAT
Summary Introduction
To analyze:
The conclusion that can be drawn from the data given in the question.
Introduction:
The muscle fibers are of three types: slow, fast, and intermediate. In the given experiment, the muscle fibers were categorized as fast and slow muscle fibers only. The absence of the intermediate muscle fibers during the time of the experiment was assumed. In an experiment given below, the biopsies of the gastrocnemius of 14 elite distance runners, 18 trained but nonelite runners, and 19 untrained subjects were obtained. Gastrocnemius is a muscle that forms the major bulk at the calf region present at the back of lower leg. A relationship was established between the muscle-fiber type and their performance, which is shown in the diagram below:
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* The figure below is called the
It shows the
amount of tension generated by a muscle and the force of contraction
depends on how stretched or contracted it was before it was
stimulated. *
100
80
(d)
60
(e)
Normal
/range
40
(a)
20
1.2 μm 1.6 μm 2.1 μm
2.2 um
2.6μm
3.6 μη
Decreased length
Increased length
Optimal
resting length
Tension (percent of maximum)
The graphs below show the force-versus-shortening-velocity and power-versus-
shortening-velocity curves for four muscles in the human lower extremity. Note
that these curves show this relationship only for shortening activations (positive
shortening velocities), not lengthening activations. And, note that the values
displayed on the axes of the graphs are absolute (not normalized) values of force,
power, and velocity.
These graphs apply to the next three questions.
Force vs Shortening Velocity
Power vs Shortening Velocity
1,500
400
1,200
300
2 900
200
600
100
300
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Shortening Velocity (m/s)
Shortening Velocity (m/s)
muscle 1
muscle 3
muscle 2
muscle 4
Force (N)
Power (W)
Explain how optimal skeletal muscle force (high muscle tension) can be achieved during a high intensity exercise. (Mention and explain how wave summation, motor recruitment summation, muscle length, and type of muscle fibers activated can affect muscle force).
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- Describe in details the biochemical and mechanochemical series of events that enables motor neurons to trigger muscle contraction, using the biceps brachii as an example.arrow_forwardMuscle Contraction In an experiment, the strength of a neural stimulus and the resulting muscle contraction are compared. A single motor neuron that synapses with one muscle fibre is observed in this experiment. One end of the muscle fibre is attached to a mass. The following data were obtained from the experiment. Analyze the data and answer the following questions. Number of Trials Strength of Stimulus (mV) Mass Lifted by Muscle Contraction (g) 1 20 2 40 3 60 50 4 80 50 100 Not Tested 120 50 *note that the voltage applied is positive in order to raise potential from resting to threshold Identify the manipulated, responding and controlled variables in the experiment described above. Strength of Stimulus Number of Muscle Fibre Stimulated Mass Lifted by Muscle Contractionarrow_forwardReflect back on the Muscle Fatigue investigation we did earlier in this Activity. Choose one of your classmate’s interpretation to one of these questions: What happened to your energy & ability to pinch the clothespin as you progressed through each trial? Why? What might cause one to be able to get more squeezes, in other words, to have less fatigue? Explain in terms of biological concepts. Suggest how the amount of ATP produced cause your muscle cells to be less efficient. When did this change in the amount of ATP produced occur in this investigation? How could you tell? Your muscles would probably recover enough after 10 minutes to operate at the original efficiency. Explain why. Show how specific details from the steps of cellular respiration add details to answer this question.arrow_forward
- First, explain how resting membrane potential is established in terms of ion concentration and electric charge. Next, explain the process of neural signal transmission from an alpha motor neuron to the muscle fiber. Do this by explaining how an AP is generated (ions and membrane proteins) at the neuron, how the signal is propagated, what happens at the axon terminal, what happens at the motor endplate, and explain all the molecular events that occur to cause muscle contraction.arrow_forwardDefine hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. Explain skeletal muscle adaptations to strength training (over time, not acute). What are the mechanisms of action? What hormones are involved? What cell signaling occurs to produce hypertrophy? Identify two principles of resistance training and explain how they contribute to skeletal muscle adaptation. Provide at minimum, two reputable resources to back up your claims.arrow_forwardMuscle motor unit recruitment follows the pattern of the SO (I) fibers being recruited first followed by the FOG (IIa) and then ultimately by the FG (IIb) if and when workloads require this. Muscle fatigue follows the order that the FG fibers fatigue first, followed by the FOG fibers and finally (maybe never) the SO fibers. Explain how it makes sense physiologically that the last fibers to be recruited to contract are the first to fatigue, while the first fibers to be recruited to contract would be the last to fatigue.arrow_forward
- Fast oxidative glycolytic fibers in skeletal muscle are used Select one: O a. intermittently, for activities requiring more force output than the fast glycolytic fibers alone can produce. O b. constantly, for postural activities such as standing and sitting. O c. intermittently, for activities requiring more force output than the slow oxidative fibers alone can produce. O d. only for motions requiring maximum power output, such as jumping.arrow_forwardWhen utilizing microprocessor technology for testing muscle strength, you are typically looking at what form of muscle contraction? Concentric Isokinetic Isometric Eccentricarrow_forwardWhat methods can you use to test if someone has more fast twitch versus slow twitch muscle fibers? Remember the variances between fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibers. Based on this, select a sport and a muscle group primarily used for that sport. Then share which muscle fiber type would be highest for that muscle group.arrow_forward
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