Concept explainers
Data analysis Two different genes have mutant alleles that cause this spotting
To determine: The function of other gene product in spotting phenotype, if one gene encodes a signaling molecule.
Introduction: A mutation can be defined as a sudden change that occurs in the DNA sequence, during DNA replication. It can also be caused by exposure to specific chemicals or radiation. Mutation contributes to genetic variability.
Explanation of Solution
Neural crest cell under the surface of ectoderm differentiates into pigment cells of the skin. Survival and migration of these cellsare affected by a mutation in genes leads to white spotting in the skin. Two different genes have a mutant allele that causes the spotting phenotype in humans and mice. One gene act as a signaling molecule then the other is likely to be a receptor for the molecule.
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Chapter 52 Solutions
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- The photos below show flowers from two Arabidopsis plants. One plant is wild-type unmutated; the other carries a mutation in one of its ABC floral identity genes. This mutation causes sepals and petals to form instead of stamens and carpels. Refer to Figure 10.7 to decide which gene A, B, or C has been inactivated by the mutation.arrow_forwardEnhanced Spatial Learning in Mice With an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells to one another, have been associated with autism. One mutation changes amino acid 451 from arginine to cysteine. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues genetically modified mice to carry the same arginine-to-cysteine substitution in their neuroligin 3. Mice with the mutation had impaired social behavior. To test spatial learning ability, the mice were placed in a water maze: a deep pool of warm water in which a platform is submerged a few millimeters below the surface. The platform is not visible to swimming mice. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they locate a hidden platform as fast as they can. When tested again, they can remember its location by checking visual cues around the edge of the pool. How quickly they remember the platforms location is a measure of spatial learning ability (FIGURE 15.18). FIGURE 15.18 spatial learning ability in mica mutation in neuroligin 3 (R451C), compared with unmodified (wild-type) mica. 2. Did the modified or the unmodified mice learn the location of the platform faster in the first test?arrow_forwardEnhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in the gene for neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells, have been associated with autism. One of these mutations is called R451C because the altered gene encodes a protein with an amino acid substitution: a cysteine (C) instead of an arginine (R) in position 451. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues introduced the R451C mutation into the neuroligin 3 gene of mice. The researchers discovered that the genetically modified mice had impaired social behavior and superior spatial learning ability. Spatial learning in mice is tested with a water maze, which consists of a small platform submerged a bit below the surface or a pool of water so it is invisible to a swimming mouse. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they try to locate the hidden platform as quickly as they can. When tested again later, they remember the platforms location by checking visual cues around the edge or the pool. How quickly they remember is a measure of their spatial learning ability. FIGURE 15.14 shows some or Tabuchis result. FIGURE 15.14 Spatial learning ability in mice. Mice with a mutation in neuroligin 3 (R451C) were tested for learning performance: as compared with unmodified (wild-type) mice. Did the modified or the unmodified mice learn the location of the platform faster in the first test?arrow_forward
- Cap, EA1, and Sap are all genes and are also proteins. For each gene, what gene product is encoded and where is the gene aka literal DNA sequence and located physically in the cell? I need help for each one cap what gene product is encoded and location Ea1 what gene product is encoded and location Sap what gene product is encoded and locationarrow_forwardYour friend sends you two cancerous cell lines to examine and determine possible mutations. The results are shown below: Cell Line Mutation WT none (wild type DNA) 1 a deletion at the same region on both copies of chromosome 4 a point mutation in a gene on only one copy of chromosome 7 Based on this data, what type of geńe is mutated in each of the cell lines? Select all that apply O Cell line 2 has a mutation in an oncogene Cell line 1 has a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene Cell line 1 has a mutation in an proto-oncogene Cell line 2 has a mutation in a tumor suppressor genearrow_forwardPlease helparrow_forward
- Can this trait be passed to offspring?arrow_forwardYou are interested in studying position effect variegation in Drosophila using the chromosome depicted below: Deactivation of the w+ gene gives a white eye phenotype and deactivation of the rst+ gene gives a rough eye phenotype; the normal phenotypes are red and smooth. Because the rst+ and w+ genes have now been placed close to a heterochromatic domain, some sections (or sectors) of the eye display mutant phenotypes due to gene deactivation while others display the normal, wild type phenotype. Which phenotype would you not expect to see rst w Inverted X chromosome white smooth eye sectors white rough eye sectors red smooth eye sectors red rough eye sectorsarrow_forwardWhat is dominant control mechanism of gene expression? explain the following image.arrow_forward
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