EBK CAMPBELL BIOLOGY
11th Edition
ISBN: 8220103613828
Author: Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 54.4, Problem 3CC
WHAT IF? Ø Based on MacArthur and Wilson's island equilibrium model, how would you expect the richness of birds on islands to compare with the richness of snakes and lizards? Explain.
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Students have asked these similar questions
. Simulations 4-6 had lower density of birds (more spacing), how did this influence their ability to escape predation? With more spacing, which number of Junco’s was most advantageous (4, 8, and 16)? Ecologically explain this result.
If this flock of birds occurred in an area with low food availability what flock density would you predict? Explain how food availability impacts flock size/competition.
Was there a relationship between prop. Vigilance (proportion of birds looking up right before Hawk attack) and the rate at which they escaped predation?
Was there a relationship between Mean vigilance (average number of birds looking up each tick) and the rate at which the Junco’s the escaped predation? Was there a relationship between Mean vigilance and the number of birds in the flock?
Think about a predator-prey system that perfectly follows Lotka-Volterra dynamics.
The search efficiency parameter (a) represents how quickly the predator finds and
kills its prey. What would happen if most the predator population had a parasite that
made them less effective predators? Infected animals find and kill prey less
frequently (that is, the parasite caused the value of the search efficiency parameter
to decline).
the populations would still cycle; the amplitude of prey and predator would
increase
Othe populations would no longer cycle; the prey would increase and the predator
would go extinct
the populations would no longer cycle; the prey would go extinct and the
predator would increase
the populations would still cycle; the amplitude of prey and predator would
decline
the predator and prey populations would no longer cycle; the parasite and the
predator populations would cycle instead
1) Think back to the example of ovenbird evoluon in South America. Ovenbirds are a diverse family of small, insect-eang birds that live mainly in South America. Different ovenbird species have adapted to rocky ocean shorelines, snowy mountains, scorched deserts and tropical rainforests. Like finches, ovenbirds have a variety of beak sizes and shapes, an important indicator of food preference that makes them ideal for studying evoluon. In ovenbirds, "some [beaks] are long and down-curved, like a scythe, for probing into crevices in tree bark and others have short dagger-like bills." What conclusions did the researchers reach?
A) ovenbirds are diverse because they do not share any common ancestors
B) ovenbirds because successful because they are not native to the area and could easily colonize the area
C) birds have different beaks that help them exploit different resources and avoid competition
2) One ant species from Africa is best at competing for space, but is worse at colonizing a…
Chapter 54 Solutions
EBK CAMPBELL BIOLOGY
Ch. 54.1 - Explain how competition, predation, and mutualism...Ch. 54.1 - According to the principle of competitive...Ch. 54.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Figure 24.14 illustrates how a...Ch. 54.2 - What two components contribute to species...Ch. 54.2 - How is a food chain different from a food web?Ch. 54.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 54.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Rising atmospheric CO2, levels...Ch. 54.3 - Why do high and low levels of disturbance usually...Ch. 54.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 54.3 - WHAT IF? Most prairies experience regular fires,...
Ch. 54.4 - Describe two hypotheses that explain why species...Ch. 54.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 54.4 - WHAT IF? Based on MacArthur and Wilson's island...Ch. 54.5 - What are pathogens?Ch. 54.5 - WHAT IF? Rabies, a viral disease in mammals, is...Ch. 54 - Interspecific interactions affect the survival and...Ch. 54 - Based on indexes such as Shannon diversity, is a...Ch. 54 - Is the disturbance pictured in figure 54.25 more...Ch. 54 - How have periods of glaciation influenced...Ch. 54 - Prob. 54.5CRCh. 54 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 54 - The principle of competitive exclusion states that...Ch. 54 - Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis,...Ch. 54 - According to the island equilibrium model, species...Ch. 54 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 54 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 54 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 54 - The most plausible hypothesis to explain why...Ch. 54 - Community 1 contains 100 individuals distributed...Ch. 54 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 54 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Explain why adaptations of...Ch. 54 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 54 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: INTERACTIONS In Batesian...Ch. 54 - Prob. 14TYU
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- 1. What are the 4 examples of social behaviour among species according to Herron and freeman (2015). Discuss one example of each types of interaction. And lastly, explain one problem related to the concept of coevolution. Give an example.arrow_forwardWRITE ABOUT A THEME: INTERACTIONS In Batesianmimicry, a palatable species gains protection by mimickingan unpalatable one. Imagine that individuals of a palatable,brightly colored fly species are blown to three remote islands.The first island has no predators of that species; the second haspredators but no similarly colored, unpalatable species; and thethird has both predators and a similarly colored, unpalatablespecies. In a short essay (100–150 words), predict what mighthappen to the coloration of the palatable species on each islandthrough time if coloration is a genetically controlled trait.Explain your predictionsarrow_forwardThe relationship between predator and prey populations has been studied by computer simulation using equations which form part of a mathematical model devised by Lotka and Volterra. The data in Table 6.10 show the results of such a simulation when the prey population begins with 20 individuals and the predator population begins with six individuals. 1.Explain why the peaks in the predator population occur after those in the prey population. 2. This simulation assumes one prey species and one predator species in an imaginary ecosystem and is based on mathematical equations. Why is it likely to be too simplistic to describe accurately what happens in nature?arrow_forward
- Based on these graphs, and assuming head raises of European finches helps watch for predators but also has a trade-off with eating, select the statements that these graphs support. Total head raises of entire flock per minute (a) 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 4 5 Flock size 0 1 2 3 6 Individual head raises per minute (b) 12 10 8 N T 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Flock size Time to husk a seed (seconds) As the flock size increases, individuals have less access to food 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 1 C 01 2 3 4 5 6 Flock size O The larger the size of the flock, the smaller the fitness of each individual As the flock size increases, individuals are able to eat more quickly The graphs support the hypothesis that there is no tradeoff at the individual level between watching for predators and husking seeds When groups are larger, individuals can spend less time watching for predators, but as a group they have spend more. The graphs support the hypothesis that there is a tradeoff at the individual level between watching for…arrow_forwardDiscuss the pros and cons,in energetic terms,of (i) being a generalist as opposed to a specialist predator, and (ii) being a sit–and –wait predator as opposed to an active forager?arrow_forwardEndler (1980) set up two experiments, one in the greenhouse and one in the field to test the influences of mate choice and predation in determining colorfulness of male guppies. Identify the roles of mate choice and predation in determining colorfulness of male guppies. Identify the advantage and shortcomings of the greenhouse experiments. Identify the advantages and shortcomings of field experiments along the Aripo River. Identify other factors, especially physical and chemical factors, might influence male color.arrow_forward
- With respect to the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model, which of the following statements is most likely true? Under this model, it is possible for a predator to drive its prey to extinction. All of the statements are true. Non of the statements is true. This model predicts neutrally-stable predator-prey cycles, as opposed to a stable equilibrium. O In this model, an increase in searching efficiency (a) will increase the maximum prey population.arrow_forwardDo the following two hypothesis supports their graphs? Explain. Figure 1: The hypothesis for novice vs. experienced foraging is that animals who have been foraging for ages should have a greater chance of survival than beginner foragers since they are more skilled and invest less time looking for food. Figure 2: The hypothesis behind the impact of Prey camouflage is that if animals, especially novice foragers, take too much time searching, they are visible to predators for long durations, providing a better chance to attack.arrow_forwardWhat is the best description of the original Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model? Nis prey, P is predator. a is rate of consumption, f is conversion of prey to predator, and q is the mortality rate of the predator. dP rN - aNP= = faNP - qP dt dt Type 1 functional response with density-dependent prey and density- independent predator Type 1 functional response with density-independent prey and density- independent predator Type 1 functional response with density-dependent prey and density-dependent predator Type 1 functional response with density-independent prey and density- dependent predatorarrow_forward
- Thinking about the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model, what effect should an increase in searching efficiency (a) have on the maximum prey population? Increase Decreasė No change < Previnus V Finisharrow_forwardWhat would you conclude after comparing the survivorship of the ground squirrel and the finch? Multiple Choice Both have very large numbers of offspring. Both die primarily of old age. Both suffer high predation throughout the lifespan. They represent different survivorship types.arrow_forwardUsing the lynx–hare interaction, explain in words the equations of the Lotka–Volterra model for the change in the population sizes of prey and predators.arrow_forward
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