Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The mechanism for the given reaction should be proposed.
Concept introduction:
Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.
Nucleophilic nature depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.
Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
(b)
Interpretation:
The type of carbo cation formed first should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
Carbocation stability order:
(c)
Interpretation:
The type of carbo cation formed after rearrangement should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
Carbocation stability order:
(d)
Interpretation:
The reason behind the rearrangement should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
Carbocation stability order:
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CHEM 262 ORG CHEM EBOOK DIGITAL DELIVERY
- Addition of HCl to alkene X forms two alkyl halides Y and Z.a.Label Y and Z as a 1,2-addition product or a 1,4-addition product. b. Label Y and Z as the kinetic or thermodynamic product and explain why. c.Explain why addition of HCl occurs at the indicated C=C (called an exocyclic double bond), rather than the other C=C (called an endocyclic double bond).arrow_forwardDraw the structures of the missing reactants, intermediates, or products in the following mechanism. Include all lone pairs.arrow_forwardDraw the products (including stereochemistry) for each reaction. a. H20 b. :C=C-H H Br H Darrow_forward
- Draw the major organic product for each of the hydroboration-oxidation reactions. Disregard stereochemistry. Draw the product of Reaction A. Select Draw Rings More ||||||CH|OB Reaction A. 1. B₂H6 2. H₂O₂ (aq) 3M NaOH Reaction B. 1. B₂H6 2. H₂O₂ (aq) 3M NaOH S 3 Draw the product in reaction B. Select Draw Rings More |||||||||CH|OB Erase Q2Q Erase Q2Qarrow_forwardClassify each carbocation as primary, secondary, or tertiary. a. b. 人 C. d.arrow_forward1. what is the final products for the reactions? 2. what is the reagents to complete transformation?arrow_forward
- 3. Provide the product(s) or reagent(s) as appropriate. CI ? 1. H₂O, H₂SO4 2. H₂CRO4 1. NaOH 2. H₂CRO4 ? ? ? Harrow_forward5. Consider the following reaction: Br EtO Major Minor i. Draw the reaction mechanism for the formation of BOTH products. ii. Explain why the major product in this reaction is trans-isomer whereas cis- isomer is the minor product.arrow_forward6. Which alkene is the most stable? Explain 1 3arrow_forward
- Addition of HCl to alkene X forms two alkyt halides Y and Z. exocyclic C=C HCI CH3 CH2 -CH3 ci z a. Label Y and Z as a 1,2-addition product or a 1,4-addition product. b. Label Y and Z as the kinetic or thermodynamic product and explain why. c. Explain why addition of HCl occurs at the indicated C=C (called an exocyclic double bond), rather than the other C=C (called an endocyclic double bond).arrow_forward15.arrow_forwardDraw all resonance structures for the carbocation formed by ortho attack of +NO2 on each starting material. Label any resonance structures that are especially stable or unstable with reasonsarrow_forward
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning