Inquiry into Life
16th Edition
ISBN: 9781260482638
Author: Mader, Sylvia
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Chapter 7.4, Problem 2QTC
While Figure 7B does not indicate the need for water, it is an important component of our diet. Where would water interact with these pathways?
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What is the advantage of using ATP as a common energy source?Another way of asking this question is, “Why does ATP provide anadvantage over using a bunch of different food molecules?” For example,instead of just having a Na+/K+-ATPase in a cell, why not have manydifferent ion pumps, each driven by a different food molecule, like aNa+/K+-glucosase (a pump that uses glucose), a Na+/K+-sucrase (a pumpthat uses sucrose), a Na+/K+-fatty acidase (a pump that uses fatty acids),and so on?
Why is the amount of ATP produced in cells that can undergo oxidative phosphorylation much greater than those that undergo substrate level phosphorylation only?
Figure 7.11 Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an "uncoupler"
that makes the inner mitochondrial membrane
"leaky" to protons. It was used until 1938 as a weight-
loss drug. What effect would you expect DNP to have
on the change in pH across the inner mitochondrial
membrane? Why do you think this might be an
effective weight-loss drug?
Intermembrane
space
Mitochondrial
matrix
ATP Synthase
ADP
Inner mitochondrial
membrane
ATP
Figure 7.11 ATP synthase is a complex, molecular machine that uses a proton (H) gradient to form ATP from
ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). (Credit: modification of work by Klaus Hoffmeier)
Chapter 7 Solutions
Inquiry into Life
Ch. 7.1 - Describe the overall equation for cellular...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 7.1 - Prob. 3LOCh. 7.1 - Explain the role of NAD+ and FAD in cellular...Ch. 7.1 - Distinguish between the aerobic and anaerobic...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 7.2 - Describe the location and inputs and outputs of...Ch. 7.2 - Explain why ATP is both an input and output of...Ch. 7.2 - Explain why there is an energy-investment phase...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 2CYP
Ch. 7.3 - Explain how ATP can continue to be produced in the...Ch. 7.3 - Describe the advantages and disadvantages of...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 1QTCCh. 7.3 - Explain how fermentation acts as a NAD+ recycling...Ch. 7.3 - Describe the environmental conditions that would...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 7.4 - Prob. 1LOCh. 7.4 - Summarize the inputs and outputs of the...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 7.4 - How might a meal of a cheeseburger and fries be...Ch. 7.4 - While Figure 7B does not indicate the need for...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 7.4 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 7.4 - Discuss why there is variation in the number of...Ch. 7 - Prob. S2.5BYBCh. 7 - Prob. S3.3BYBCh. 7 - Figure 6.3 How does the ATP cycle resemble a...Ch. 7 - Prob. 1ACh. 7 - Prob. 2ACh. 7 - Prob. 3ACh. 7 - Prob. 4ACh. 7 - Prob. 5ACh. 7 - 6. During glycolysis, what is the net production...Ch. 7 - Prob. 7ACh. 7 - Prob. 8ACh. 7 - Prob. 9ACh. 7 - Prob. 10ACh. 7 - Which of these is not true of the citric acid...Ch. 7 - Which of these is not true of the electron...Ch. 7 - The oxygen required by cellular respiration is...Ch. 7 - Prob. 1TCCh. 7 - Rotenone is a broad-spectrum insecticide that...Ch. 7 - Some fat-burning compounds accelerate the movement...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- The following diagram shows the biosynthesis of B12 coenzymes, starting with the vitamin. DMB is dimethylbenzimidazole. (a) What one additional substrate or cofactor is required by enzyme B?(b) Genetic deficiency in animals of enzyme C would result in excessiveurinary excretion of what compound?(c) Some forms of the condition described in (b) can be successfully treatedby injection of rather massive doses of vitamin B12. What kind ofgenetic alteration in the enzyme would be consistent with this result?(d) Genetic deficiency in animals of enzyme B will result in excessive urinaryexcretion of what amino acid?arrow_forwardWhy is diaeehea a symptom of lactose intolerance? 1-Undigested lactose converts into H20 in the digestive tract via enzymatic reactions, resulting in watery feces. 2-Your nervous system detects the lactose and stimulates your bladder to release fluids to your digestive tract. 3-Bacteria in your gut releases toxins in response to the lactose. 4-Undigested lactose sugars creates a large osmotic gradient for water, which pulls water into the digestive tract.arrow_forwardThe products of a pathway, or the products of specific reactions in the pathway, will often inhibit upstream regulatory enzymes in that pathway. That makes sense - if the products of a pathway are abundant, then the pathway can be shut off to save energy or divert molecules into other pathways. We can use a similar rule of thumb to predict whether a pathway will be active in different biological states. For example, the liver stores glucose (in the form of glycogen), and will release glucose into the bloodstream when blood sugar levels drop. This glucose can come from the synthesis of glucose or breakdown of stored glycogen. This is important for maintaining blood sugar levels. What would you predict is the relationship between blood sugar levels and glycogen phosphorylase enzyme activity? A positive relationship (when blood sugar levels are high, glycogen phosphorylase activity is also high). A negative relationship (when blood sugar levels are high, glycogen phosphorylase activity…arrow_forward
- 4) Compare and contrast proton extrusion by the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE and an ATP-driven proton pump. a) What is a possible advantage of using NHE over an ATP-driven proton pump if the exchanger does not operate close to equilibrium? b) If the NHE exchanger were to operate close to equilibrium, would the ATP-driven proton pump be more or less efficient at extruding protons than NHE? Why?arrow_forwardSome enzymes can catalyze a reaction involving NADH but cannot catalyze a reaction that uses NADPH. Why may this be? When the substrate concentration is below the Km for an enzyme, what “order” will best explain thereaction? Explain.The cells that line the intestine have a transporter called GLUT5. While it can transport both fructose and glucose but has a much lower Km for fructose. Describe a physiological situation where the GLUT5 transporter is transporting fructose and glucose at the same rate. [consider using a graph to support your answer]arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is FALSE regarding oxidative phosphorylation? The pH is higher in the matrix relative to that in the inter-membrane space. A large positive difference in reduction potential is associated with a small negative free energy change. Electrons from FADH2 enter at complex II because the reduction potential of FADH2 is greater than that of redox centers in complex I. Oxidation and phosphorylation are coupled via a proton gradient.arrow_forward
- Influenza viruses are surrounded by a membrane that contains a fusion protein, which is activated by acidic pH. Upon activation, the protein causes the viral membrane to fuse with cell membranes. An old folk remedy against flu recommends that one should spend a night in a horse’s stable. Odd as it may sound, there is a rational explanation for this advice. Air in stables contains ammonia (NH3) generated by bacteria in the horse’s urine. Sketch a diagram showing the pathway (in detail) by which flu virus enters cells, and speculate how NH3 may protect cells from virus infection.arrow_forwardAtovaquone is an antifungal used to treat fungal pneumonia. It is a structural analog of coenzyme Q and competes with coenzyme Q for binding. Which complex in the electron-transport chain does not involve coenzyme Q, and therefore, would not be directly impacted by atovaquone? Complex IV Complex II Complex III Complex Iarrow_forwardInhibition of the Na,K-ATPase might reasonably result in which of the following: a.) gradual cellular accumulation of K+ b.) gradual decrease in cytoplasmic Na+ c.) cell shrinkage d.) hyperpolarization of the membrane potential e.) reduced activity of many secondary active transportersarrow_forward
- If you start with 100 mM Na+ and 100 mM K+ outside the liposomes, and 100 mM Na+ and 100 mM K+ inside the liposomes like in (A), then you add ATP to the solution outside the liposomes, then how will the Na+ and K+ concentrations change?arrow_forwardCells use primarily two ways of storing potential energy: 1) as concentration gradients and 2) in molecules. A) Explain how energy can be stored in these two forms and how it can be used to do other work. B) Propose an analogy that can explain each of these forms of energy storage using everyday items.arrow_forwardWhat would be the effect on ATP production during chemiosmosis and oxidative phorphorylation, if the pH within the inner membrane space of the mitochondrion were decreased, assuming no effect of pH on the structure of proteins in the membrane? a) it would increase b) it would decrease c)it would stay the samearrow_forward
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