(a)
Interpretation:
The effect of increasing reaction temperature on the equilibrium of the reaction has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Enthalpy
If the value obtained for
Le Chatelier’s principle: If an equilibrium is disturbed by changing conditions, the system will moves the equilibrium to reverse the change.
Factor’s that effect chemical equilibria:
- Concentration – Equilibrium will be affected by changing the concentration of reactant or product. If we increase the concentration of reactant system will try to reverse the change by favoring forward reaction and thus increase the concentration of products. Likewise adding products increase yield of reactants.
- Temperature – When the temperature increases equilibrium will shift in the endothermic direction, in the direction that absorbs heat. When the temperature decreases equilibrium will shift in the exothermic direction, in the direction that releases heat.
- Pressure – If the reaction consists of only liquid and solid reactants and products, pressure has no effect in the equilibrium.
In gas reactions if the number of moles has no change then there will be no effect by pressure on equilibrium.
If pressure increases then equilibrium will shift to the direction having less number of molecules and if pressure decreases system will shift to the direction having more number of molecules.
(b)
Interpretation:
The effect of increasing pressure by decreasing volume on the equilibrium of the reaction has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Enthalpy
If the value obtained for
Le Chatelier’s principle: If an equilibrium is disturbed by changing conditions, the system will moves the equilibrium to reverse the change.
Factor’s that effect chemical equilibria:
- Concentration – Equilibrium will be affected by changing the concentration of reactant or product. If we increase the concentration of reactant system will try to reverse the change by favouring forward reaction and thus increase the concentration of products. Likewise adding products increase yield of reactants.
- Temperature – When the temperature increases equilibrium will shift in the endothermic direction, in the direction that absorbs heat. When the temperature decreases equilibrium will shift in the exothermic direction, in the direction that releases heat.
- Pressure – If the reaction consists of only liquid and solid reactants and products, pressure has no effect in the equilibrium.
In gas reactions if the number of moles has no change then there will be no effect by pressure on equilibrium.
If pressure increases then equilibrium will shift to the direction having less number of molecules and if pressure decreases system will shift to the direction having more number of molecules.
(c)
Interpretation:
The effect on the equilibrium of each given changes in the reaction of carbon with hydrogen has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Enthalpy
If the value obtained for
Le Chatelier’s principle: If an equilibrium is disturbed by changing conditions, the system will moves the equilibrium to reverse the change.
Factor’s that effect chemical equilibria:
- Concentration – Equilibrium will be affected by changing the concentration of reactant or product. If we increase the concentration of reactant system will try to reverse the change by favouring forward reaction and thus increase the concentration of products. Likewise adding products increase yield of reactants.
- Temperature – When the temperature increases equilibrium will shift in the endothermic direction, in the direction that absorbs heat. When the temperature decreases equilibrium will shift in the exothermic direction, in the direction that releases heat.
- Pressure – If the reaction consists of only liquid and solid reactants and products, pressure has no effect in the equilibrium.
In gas reactions if the number of moles has no change then there will be no effect by pressure on equilibrium.
If pressure increases then equilibrium will shift to the direction having less number of molecules and if pressure decreases system will shift to the direction having more number of molecules.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 7 Solutions
Fundamentals Of General, Organic, And Biological Chemistry Volume 1 Second Custom Edition For Washington State University, 2/e
- Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing masks to generate oxygen according to the reaction below. If the mask contains 0.250 mol KO2 and 0.200 mol water, what is the limiting reagent? How many moles of excess reactant will there be once the reaction is complete? 4 KO2(s) + 2 H2O(ℓ) → 4 KOH(s) + 3 O2(g)arrow_forwardFor the reaction A → B at 298 K, the change in enthalpy is −7 kJ · mol−1and the change in entropy is −25 J · K−1 · mol−1. Is the reaction spontaneous? If not, should the temperature be increased or decreased to make the reaction spontaneous?arrow_forwardCalculate ΔG° (answer in kJ/mol) for each of the following reactions from the equilibrium constant at the temperature given. (d)CoO(s)+CO(g)⇌Co(s)+CO2(g) T=550°C Kp=4.90×102 (e)CH3NH2(aq)+H2O(l)⟶CH3NH3+(aq)+OH−(aq) T=25°C Kp=4.4×10−4 (f)PbI2(s)⟶Pb2+(aq)+2I−(aq) T=25°C Kp=8.7×10arrow_forward
- Two solutions, 250.0 mL of 1.00 M CaCl2(aq) and 250.0 mL of 1.00 M K2SO4(aq), are combined, and the temperature decreased by 2.40 degrees C. Determine qrxn per mole of CaSO4(s) formed in the reaction. A) +12.0 kJ/mol B) -12.0 kJ/mol C) +6.00 kJ/mol D) -6.00 kJ/molarrow_forwardThe formation constants at 25°C for Fe(CN)4-6 and Fe(EDTA)2– are 1.00 x 1037 and 2.10 x 1014, respectively. Answer the questions below. 1) Calculate K under standard conditions for the reaction Fe(EDTA)2−(aq) + 6CN−(aq) ----> Fe(CN)4−6(aq) + EDTA4−(aq) 2) Calculate ΔG° for the reaction. (kJ/mol)arrow_forwardPotassium nitrate is widely used in industries. The reaction for the industrial production of KNO3 is summarized in the equation below; 4KCl + 4 HNO3 + O2 → 4 KNO3 + 2 Cl2 + 2 H2O Which of the following statements below is correct about the production of KNO3? a. A redox reaction; KCl is a reducing agent and O2 is an oxidizing agent b. A redox reaction; HNO3 is a reducing agent and Cl is an oxidizing agent c. Not a redox reaction d. A redox reaction; KCl is a reducing agent and KNO3 is an oxidizing agent e. A redox reaction; HNO3 is a reducing agent and KNO3 is an oxidizing agentarrow_forward
- Consider the following reaction at 25°C with the ΔG°’ = +1800 J/mol for the forward reaction.The molar concentrations at the beginning of the reaction were [A] = 19 mM and [B] = 10 mM.After 1 hour, the concentrations were [A] = 16 mM and [B] = 13 mM. Calculate the ΔG of the reaction at the 1 hour timepoint. Please round to 1 decimal point.Gas constant = 8.315 J/mol Karrow_forwardFor this reaction: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2, the products have 2760 kJ/mole more free energy than the reactants. So, which of the following statements best describes the reaction? a The reaction is endergonic because it converts molecules with less free energy to those with more free energy. b The reaction is exergonic because it converts molecules with less free energy to those with more free energy. c The reaction is exergonic because it converts molecules with more free energy to those with less free energy d The reaction is endergonic because it converts molecules with more free energy to those with less free energy.arrow_forwardFor the following reaction, 4.91 grams of water are mixed with excess chlorine gas. The reaction yields 12.5 grams of hydrochloric acid.chlorine (g) + water (l) hydrochloric acid (aq) + chloric acid (HClO3) (aq) What is the theoretical yield of hydrochloric acid ? grams What is the percent yield of hydrochloric acid ? %arrow_forward
- Nitrogen reacts with powdered aluminum according to the reaction:2 Al(s) + N2( g) → 2 AlN(s)How many liters of N2 gas, measured at 892 torr and 95 °C,are required to completely react with 18.5 g of Al?arrow_forwardFor the following reaction 3 experiments have been run and the data collected is in the following table @ 35 degrees Celsius 2 NO2F(g) ---> 2 NO2(g) + F2(g) Experiment [NO2F], M Rates, M/s 1 0.263 0.168 2 0.349 0.223 3 0.421 0.269 a) How long will it take for a 65% NO2F solution to become a 31% NO2F solution @35 degrees Celsius?(Hint: Use mass ratios and assume ~1g/ml for density of solutions to get you started) b) It has been determined that at 75 degrees Celsius the rate constant is 1.046 s-1. Calculate the activation energy for the decomposition of NO2F. [Hint: ]ln?1?2=?a?(1?2―1?1) c) What is the half-life of a 35% solution of NO2F @ 35 degrees Celsius?arrow_forwardWhich of the following correctly explains why the vapor pressure of water has to be included in the calculations? Some of the liquid water evaporates into the gas, and increases the total pressure generated by the trapped gas. As the H2(g) is bubbled up the reaction solution, some of the H2(g) molecules are solubilized by water in the aqueous solution, effectively decreasing the measured pressure above. The pressure contributed by the H2(g) is greater than the measured total pressure because of the contribution of partial pressure of water vapor. The pressure exerted by the evolved H2(g) is reduced because of the co-presence of water vapor, thus Pwater vapor has to be added to Pdry gas. Overview of the experiment:arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781319114671Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.Publisher:W. H. FreemanLehninger Principles of BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781464126116Author:David L. Nelson, Michael M. CoxPublisher:W. H. FreemanFundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecul...BiochemistryISBN:9781118918401Author:Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W. PrattPublisher:WILEY
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305961135Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougalPublisher:Cengage LearningBiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage LearningFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ...BiochemistryISBN:9780134015187Author:John E. McMurry, David S. Ballantine, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. PetersonPublisher:PEARSON