EBK HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780133983401
Author: Silverthorn
Publisher: YUZU
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Chapter 8, Problem 24CC
Summary Introduction
To determine: The effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on the activity of serotonin at the synapse.
Introduction: Depression has become one of the common and dangerous problems in today’s world. With increasing cases of depression, a different type of antidepressant drugs has been developed. These drugs mainly affect the transmission of neuro-signals in the brain, thereby preventing the transmission of depressing signals in the neural network.
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that can alleviate symptoms of depression
by blocking the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing the amount
of time that 5-HT remains active. Elevated levels of 5-HT within the synapse are associated with
feelings of well-being; conversely, low levels of 5-HT are correlated with depressive symptoms.
Recent studies have shown that SSRIs can also mediate their antidepressant effects by increasing
brain levels of certain cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFNY). IFNY directly induces the
expression of the protein p11 in neighboring neurons, which then interacts with 5-HTR4, a 5-HT
transmembrane receptor. Figures 1 and 2 provide information about this interaction.
5-HTR4 protein
(% of WT)
expression
CAMP levels (% change
control)
from
120T
100+
80+
60+
40+
20+
0
MEM
TOT
Figure 1 5-HTR4 protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fraction (MEM) of hippocampal
lysate and in total hippocampal…
The following diagram represents a typical serotonergic synapse. Where, specifically, do
antidepressants work (e.g. SSRI)?
Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter
transporter
Аxon
Synaptic
vesicle
terminal
Voltage-
gated Ca?+
channel
Synaptic
cleft
Receptor
Postsynaptic
density
Dendrite
Neurotransmitter
Synaptic Vesicle
Neurotransmitter transporter (aka Reuptake transporter)
Receptor
O All of the above
Cocaine blocks the removal of dopamine from the synapse, leading to a rapid rise of dopamine in the synapse. Which of the following best describes what will likely occur as a result of increased dopamine in the synapse?
The presynaptic cell will be unable to release more neurotransmitter.
the postsynaptic cell will return to its resting potential, causing feelings of well-being.
The postsynaptic cell will be constantly activated, causing feelings of euphoria.
The postsynaptic cell will respond more quickly to a change in output of the presynaptic cell, causing feelings of euphoria.
The buildup of neurotransmitter will activate the presynaptic cell, causing feelings of euphoria.
Chapter 8 Solutions
EBK HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Ch. 8 - Organize the following terms describing functional...Ch. 8 - Where do neurohormone-secreting neurons terminate?Ch. 8 - What is the difference between a nerve and a...Ch. 8 - Draw a chain of three neurons that synapse on one...Ch. 8 - What is the primary function of each of the...Ch. 8 - Name the two glial cell types that form myelin....Ch. 8 - Given the values in Table 8.2, use the Nernst...Ch. 8 - Would a cell with a resting membrane potential of...Ch. 8 - Would the cell membrane depolarize or...Ch. 8 - Match each ions movement with the type of graded...
Ch. 8 - Prob. 11CCCh. 8 - What is the difference between conductance and...Ch. 8 - If you put ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na+-K+...Ch. 8 - The pyrethrin insecticides, derived from...Ch. 8 - When Na+ channel gates are resetting, is the...Ch. 8 - A stimulating electrode placed halfway down an...Ch. 8 - Place the following neurons in order of their...Ch. 8 - Prob. 18CCCh. 8 - Prob. 19CCCh. 8 - Prob. 20CCCh. 8 - Prob. 21CCCh. 8 - Prob. 22CCCh. 8 - Classify the H+-neurotransmitter exchange as...Ch. 8 - Prob. 24CCCh. 8 - Prob. 25CCCh. 8 - Is Na+-dependent neurotransmitter reuptake...Ch. 8 - In Figure 8.24e, assume the postsynaptic neuron...Ch. 8 - In the graphs of Figure 8.24a, b, why doesnt the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 29CCCh. 8 - Prob. 30CCCh. 8 - List the three functional classes of neurons, and...Ch. 8 - Somatic motor neurons control __________, and...Ch. 8 - Prob. 3RQCh. 8 - Prob. 4RQCh. 8 - Prob. 5RQCh. 8 - Prob. 6RQCh. 8 - Axonal transport refers to the (a) release of...Ch. 8 - Match the numbers of the appropriate...Ch. 8 - Arrange the following events in the proper...Ch. 8 - List the four major types of ion channels found in...Ch. 8 - Prob. 11RQCh. 8 - An action potential is (circle all correct...Ch. 8 - Choose from the following ions to fill in the...Ch. 8 - What is the myelin sheath?Ch. 8 - List two factors that enhance conduction speed.Ch. 8 - Prob. 16RQCh. 8 - Draw and label a graph of an action potential....Ch. 8 - Prob. 18RQCh. 8 - Prob. 19RQCh. 8 - Create a map showing the organization of the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 21RQCh. 8 - Prob. 22RQCh. 8 - Prob. 23RQCh. 8 - Prob. 24RQCh. 8 - The presence of myelin allows an axon to (choose...Ch. 8 - Define, compare, and contrast the following...Ch. 8 - Prob. 27RQCh. 8 - Prob. 28RQCh. 8 - Prob. 29RQCh. 8 - Prob. 30RQCh. 8 - An unmyelinated axon has a much greater...Ch. 8 - The GHK equation is sometimes abbreviated to...Ch. 8 - In each of the following scenarios, will an action...
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- What is a synapse? Explain the difference between an excitatory and an inhibitory synapse.arrow_forwardAs dopamine neurotransmitters are also responsible for producing feelings of euphoria (pleasure), many people affected with Parkinson's disease suffer from depression. A common treatment for Parkinson's is Levodopa, a chemical that turns into dopamine when it passes into the brain. From what you have learned about synapses, explain if people being treated with Levodopa for Parkinson's symptoms would require additional treatment for depression?arrow_forwardWhat type of synaptic potential (if any; be sure to indicate if any modification is occurring as well) would occur if: a.) An MAO inhibitor type of antidepressant is functioning at an active dopaminergic synapse that increases the rate of sodium flowing into the cell. b.) Prozac is present at an active serotonin synapse where receptor activation increases the flow of potassium out of the cell.arrow_forward
- What is a post-synaptic potential and how is it caused? Describe the two types of post-synaptic potentials that can occur. Within this context, what does excitatory and inhibitory mean?arrow_forwardDepression is a condition in which sufferers may feel low mood, lack of motivation and sleep. It is caused by a lack of serotonin in the synaptic cleft of neurone pathways. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. a) Describe how serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. Using your understanding of synaptic transmission, explain how communication between neurones in serotonin pathways of the brain would be affected in someone with depression. b) Doctors use tubocurarine drug as an anaesthetic as it temporarily paralyses muscles. It blocks receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Why does this lead to paralysis?arrow_forwardthe bacterium clostridium tetani produce a toxin called tetanospasmin, the causative agent os the disease tetanus. the toxin prevents the release of inhibitory transmitters in the CNS and so blocks the resulting IPSPs they would normally generate. what are some of the functions of inhibitory synapses? considering this what symptoms would you expect from the disease tetanus, and why? ( hint: imagine trying to stand up if all of the muscles in your lower limb contracted at the same time.)arrow_forward
- Neuroactive drugs, such as the antidepressant fluoxetine, function by affecting the metabolism of the brain. After the neurotransmitter serotonin has crossed the syrupse and attached to the post- synaptic neuron, the serotonin is normally reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic neuron. Fluoxetine inhibits the reuptake of serotonin. allowing it to remain in the synapse much longer than normal A Synapse O a. Z O b. Y с. Х d. W W- Fluoxetine inhibits the process above labelled... Nerve impulsearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements concerning synapses is FALSE? O A) Modulation of synaptic strength can be presynaptic of postsynaptic B) High frequency stimulation in the presynaptic neuron often leads to DECREASED neurotransmitter release O C) Modulation of synaptic strength can either be short term, lasting seconds, or long term, lasting as long as a lifetime. D) Agonists are drugs that mimic neurotransmitters and antagonists are drugs that block the action of neurotransmitters O E) Certain drugs prevent the reuptake of neurotransmitter from the synapsearrow_forwardReserpine is a drug that can control high blood pressure by reducing the number of catecholamine neurotransmitters present in the synapse. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are examples of catecholamine neurotransmitters. One of the known side effects of reserpine is to cause the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson's disease is associated with dopamine. Parkinson's disease occurs when the nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement are gradually destroyed and the neurons can no longer produce dopamine to coordinate muscle movements. Reserpine causes symptoms by a. inhibiting the release of dopamine from the presynaptic neuron b. blocking the dopamine receptor in the postsynaptic neuron c. breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapse d. breaking down cholinesterase enzyme in the synapsearrow_forward
- In simple terms, explain the transmission of nerve impulse at the synapse.arrow_forwardWhat is a typical value for an inhibitory post synaptic potential? Why is it inhibitory?arrow_forwardWhat are the criteria for identification of the neurotransmitter at a particular synapse? Which two criteria are sufficient to conclude that a candidate substance is a neurotransmitter?arrow_forward
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