Batch processes are often used in chemical and pharmaceutical operations to achieve a desired chemicalcomposition for the final product. Related heat transferprocesses are typically transient, involving a liquid a fixed volume that may be heated from room temperature to a desired process temperature, or cooled fromthe process temperature to room temperature. Considera batch process for which a pharmaceutical (the coldfluid. c) ¡s poured into an insulated, highly agitated vessel (a stirred reactor) and heated by passing a hot fluid(h) through a submerged heat exchanger coil of thin-walled tubing and surface area
(a) Starting from basic principles, derive expressions thatcan be used to determine the variation of
(b) Consider a pharmaceutical of volume
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 8 Solutions
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
Additional Engineering Textbook Solutions
Statics and Mechanics of Materials
DESIGN OF MACHINERY
Fundamentals Of Thermodynamics
Engineering Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics (14th Edition)
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
- 3.10 A spherical shell satellite (3-m-OD, 1.25-cm-thick stainless steel walls) re-enters the atmosphere from outer space. If its original temperature is 38°C, the effective average temperature of the atmosphere is 1093°C, and the effective heat transfer coefficient is , estimate the temperature of the shell after reentry, assuming the time of reentry is 10 min and the interior of the shell is evacuated.arrow_forwardWater at a temperature of T∞= 25°C flows over one of the surfaces of a steel wall (AISI 1010) whose temperatures Ts,1= 40°C and thermal conductivity of steel is 671 w/m.k. The wall is 0.35 m thick, and its other surface temperature is Ts,2= 100°C. For steady state conditions what is the convection coefficient associated with the water flow?arrow_forwardA spherical, stainless steel (AISI 302) canister is used to store reacting chemicals that provide for a uniform heat flux q”i to its inner surface. The canister is suddenly submerged in a liquid bath of temperature T∞ i, where Ti is the initial temperature of the canister wall. (a) Assuming negligible temperature gradients in the canister wall and a constant heat flux , develop an equation that governs the variation of the wall temperature with time during the transient process. What is the initial rate of change of the wall temperature if q”I = 105 W/m2? (b) What is the steady-state temperature of the wall? (c) The convection coefficient depends on the velocity associated with fluid flow over the canister and whether the wall temperature is large enough to induce boiling in the liquid. Compute and plot the steady-state temperature as a function of h for the range 100 ≤ h ≤ 10,000 W/m2 ∙ K. Is there a value of h below which operation would be unacceptable?arrow_forward
- A small-scale Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) system uses a rigid tank, whichhas been sized to 1m3. The air storage helps support various fluid power (pneumatics)requirements, but also serves for energy storage (when fully charged).The tank sits in a plant room having a temperature of 25oC at 1 atmosphere (101.325kPa).When delivered new and installed the tank (and the ambient air it contains) is assumedinitially at the same steady state conditions in the plant room. The tank can be filled with(dry) air to a maximum pressure of 300bar. When left in the plant room, the pressurised airtank eventually attains the plant room temperature.You may assume:> Steady state conditions apply> Negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy> Thermal mass of the tank (metal) is negligible Apply the ideal gas equation and calculate the mass of 25oC air (units: kg) in the fullypressurised tank.arrow_forwardAn air flow with velocity u∞ = 2m/s and T∞ = 300K is used to cool the surface of a flat metal plate that is L = 0.5m long, W = 0.5m wide, and H = 0.1m thick. The plate receives a uniform heat flux input of q′′ = 500W/m^2 from the bottom. Assume the plate reaches the steady state and has a uniform surface temperature Ts and bottom temperature Tb. Assume one-dimensional conduction across the plate. For the air flow, the Prandtl number is Pr = 0.7, the kinematic viscosity is ν = 2 × 10^(−5) m^2/s, and the thermal conductivity is kf = 0.03 W/m · K. The solid material of the plate has a uniform thermal conductivity ks = 10 W/m · K.Given correlations for convection heat transfer over flat plate:• For the laminar flow region, the local Nusselt number is Nu = 0.332Re^(1/2)*Pr(1/3) • For the turbulent flow region, the local Nusselt number is Nu = 0.0296Re^(4/5)*Pr(1/3) Questions:(1) Determine the local convection heat transfer coefficient h(x) and the averaged con- vection heat transfer…arrow_forwardA stove in the form of a cube (L = 1m)it is located inside. External walls of the stove,according to the spreading ratio ε = 0.8 and TS,S = 500Kit has a temperature of. Stove pipe DP = 25 cmin diameter, LP = 2 m long and TS,P = 400Kit is at surface temperature. Inside the stovesurfaces and interior environment of the large room where it is locatedits air temperature is T∞ = Tsur = 300K. The Pipeheat transfer from the horizontal transition part and through the pipeneglecting the radiation between the stove, decoupage of the stove andfind the heat flux passing through the pipe to the environment.arrow_forward
- An incompressible fluid flows through a rectangular cross section duct, with width much larger than height of the cross section. The duct surface is heated at a uniform rate along its length. If the centreline of the flow is along the centre of the duct where y = 0, the distance from the centreline to the surface of the duct is b = 25 mm, and the thermal conductivity of the fluid is 0.6 W/mK, what is the local heat transfer coefficient in the developed region of the flow? Give your answer in W/m2K to 1 decimal place.arrow_forward4.Water at a temperature of T∞ = 25°C flows over one of the surfaces of a steel wall (AISI 1010) whose temperature is Ts,1 = 40°C and thermal conductivity of steel is 671 w/m.k. The wall is 0.35 m thick, and its other surface temperature is Ts,2 = 100°C. For steady state conditions what is the convection coefficient associated with the water flow?arrow_forwardQ2/ cylindrical electrical heating element (dissipated 1000 W/m) of diameter D=10 mm, thermal conductivity k=240 W/m K, density 2700 kg/m3, and specific heat cp = 900 J/kg K is installed in a duct for which air moves in cross flow over the heater at a temperature and velocity of 27°C and 10 m/s, respectively. calculate the surface temperature per unit length of the heater.arrow_forward
- Principles of Heat Transfer (Activate Learning wi...Mechanical EngineeringISBN:9781305387102Author:Kreith, Frank; Manglik, Raj M.Publisher:Cengage Learning