A common symptom of otitis media in young children is the prolonged presence of fluid in the middle ear, known as middle-ear effusion. The presence of fluid may result in temporary hearing loss and interfere with normal learning skills in the first 2 years of life. One hypothesis is that babies who are breastfed for at least 1 month build up some immunity against the effects of the infection and have less prolonged effusion than do bottle-fed babies. A small study of 24 pairs of babies is set up, in which the babies are matched on a one-to-one basis according to age, sex, socioeconomic status, and type of medications taken. One member of the matched pair is a breastfed baby, and the other member is a bottle-fed baby. The outcome variable is the duration of middle-ear effusion after the first episode of otitis media. The results are given in Table 9.11.
Table 9.11 Duration of middle-ear effusion in breastfed and bottle-fed babies
Test the hypothesis that the duration of effusion is different among breastfed babies than among bottle-fed babies using a nonparametric test.
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- A common symptom of otitis media in young children is the prolonged presence of fluid in the middle ear, known as middle-ear effusion. The presence of fluid may result in temporary hearing loss and interfere with normal learning skills in the first 2 years of life. One hypothesis is that babies who are breastfed for at least 1 month build up some immunityagainst the effects of the infection and have less prolonged effusion than do bottle-fed babies. A small study of 24 pairs of babies is set up, in which the babies are matched on a one-to-one basis according to age, sex, socioeconomic status, and type of medications taken. One member of the matched pair is a breastfed baby, and the other member is a bottle-fed baby. The outcome variable is the duration of middle-ear effusion after the first episode of otitis media. The results are given in Table 9.11. A) What hypotheses are being tested here? B) Why might a nonparametric test be useful in testing the hypotheses? C) Which nonparametric…arrow_forwardHow would I find d.?arrow_forwardPatients immobilized for a substantial amount of time can develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a blood clot in a leg or pelvis vein. DVT can have serious adverse health effects and can be difficult to diagnose. On its website, drug manufacturer Pfizer reports the outcome of a study looking at the effectiveness of the drug Fragmin (dalteparin) in preventing DVT in immobilized patients. Of the 1518 randomly chosen immobilized patients given Fragmin, 42 experienced a complication from DVT. Of the 1473 randomly chosen immobilized patients given a placebo, 73 experienced a complication from DVT. Compute the proportion (risk) of patients experiencing DVT complications for immobilized patients treated with Fragmin. (Enter the proportion with 4 decimal places. DO NOT enter the percent.)arrow_forward
- A common symptom of otitis media in young children is theprolonged presence of fluid in the middle ear, known as middle-ear effusion. The presence of fluid may result in tem-porary hearing loss and interfere with normal learning skills in the first 2 years of life. One hypothesis is that babies whoare breastfed for at least 1 month build up some immunityagainst the effects of the infection and have less prolongedeffusion than do bottle-fed babies. A small study of 24 pairsof babies is set up, in which the babies are matched on aone-to-one basis according to age, sex, socioeconomicstatus, and type of medications taken. One member of thematched pair is a breastfed baby, and the other member isa bottle-fed baby. The outcome variable is the duration ofmiddle-ear effusion after the first episode of otitis media.The results are given in images. a) What hypotheses are being tested here?b) Why might a nonparametric test be useful in testingthe hypotheses? c) Which nonparametric test should be…arrow_forwardPatients immobilized for a substantial amount of time can de flop deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a blood clot in a leg or pelvis vein. DVT can have serious adverse health effects and can be difficult to diagnose. On its website, drug manufacturer Pfizer reports the outcome of a study looking at the effectiveness of the drug Fragmin (dalteparin) compared with that of a placebo in preventing DVT in immobilized patients. In a double-blind, multinational study, severely immobilized patients were randomly assigned to receive daily subcutaneous injections of either Fragmin or a placebo for 12 to 14 days and were followed for 90 days. The results, in number of patients experiencing a complication from DVT (including death), are summarized in the table below. Treatment outcome Complication No complication Drug Fragmin 42 1476 1518 Placebo 73 1400 1473 Find and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the ratio of the odds of a complication when taking Fragmin versus the odds of a complication when…arrow_forwardEarly life corresponds to the first bacterial colonization of the digestive tract, creating a microbiome thought to play an important role in human development. What might be the effect of early exposure to antibiotics on children's development? One study followed 11,532 full-term babies all born in the county of Avon, United Kingdom, during 1991 and 1992. Exposures to antibiotics during infancy were recorded, along with measures of body mass at regular intervals over several years. The researchers found that antibiotic exposure during the first six months of life was associated with increased body mass later in childhood.arrow_forward
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