Chapter 9, Problem 1IP

INTRODUCTORY PROBLEMS

1. What regions of the spine contribute the most to flexion? Hyperextension? Lateral flexion? Rotation?

Summary Introduction

To explain: The regions of the spine that contribute to most of the flexion.

Concept introduction: The trunk or torso region is the central part of the body that includes, chest, bask, and abdomen. The trunk movement includes the movement of the lumbar and dorsal regions of the spine. The two movements that affect the angle between the parts of the body are called the flexion and extension.

Explanation of Solution

The range of motion at the motion segments are governed by the anatomical constraints. This will be varying in different regions of the spine. The various regions of the spine are given as follows:

• Cervical region
• Thoracic region
• Lumbar region

Flexion of the spine is more important in the regions of the spine. Flexion occurs in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine. This mainly occurs in the facet joints. In cervical region, atlanto-occipital joint permits the flexion. This determines the movement capabilities of the motion segment. Hip flexion occurs in the sagittal plane rotation of the femur with respect to the pelvic girdle.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The regions of the spine contribute to most of the extension.

Concept introduction: The trunk or torso region is the central part of the body that includes, chest, bask, and abdomen. The trunk movement includes the movement of the lumbar and dorsal regions of the spine. The two movements that affect the angle between the parts of the body are called the flexion and extension.

Explanation of Solution

The range of motion at motion segments are governed by the anatomical constraints. This will be varying in different regions of the spine. The various regions of the spine are given as follows:

• Cervical region
• Thoracic region
• Lumbar region

Extension occurs in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine. When the trunk is flexed in the lumbar spine, the anterior pelvic tilt causes an additional motion called the extension. The backward extension of spine in the anatomical position is called the hyperextension.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The regions of the spine contribute to most of the lateral flexion.

Concept introduction: The trunk or torso region is the central part of the body that includes, chest, bask, and abdomen. The trunk movement includes the movement of the lumbar and dorsal regions of the spine. The two movements that affect the angle between the parts of the body are called the flexion and extension.

Explanation of Solution

The range of motion at motion segments are governed by the anatomical constraints. This will be varying in different regions of the spine. The various regions of the spine are given as follows:

• Cervical region
• Thoracic region
• Lumbar region

Lateral flexion occurs when the frontal plane movement of the spine is away from the anatomical position. Lateral flexion occurs in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of spine. The movement lateral flexion is high in the cervical region that allows approximately 9-10º of motion at C4-C5.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The regions of the spine contribute to most of the rotation.

Concept introduction: The trunk or torso region is the central part of the body that includes, chest, bask, and abdomen. The trunk movement includes the movement of the lumbar and dorsal regions of the spine. The two movements that affect the angle between the parts of the body are called the flexion and extension.

Explanation of Solution

The range of motion at motion segments are governed by the anatomical constraints. This will be varying in different regions of the spine. The various regions of the spine are given as follows:

• Cervical region
• Thoracic region
• Lumbar region

A rotation occurs in the transverse plane of the spine. This allows 12º of motion at C1-C2. The rotation also occurs in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine. The rotation occurs in the lumbar region due to the interlocking of the articular process in the vertebral column. The rotation also occurs in the lumbosacral joint at a lesser rate. The coupling of the structures in the vertebral column causes the rotation movement along with a slight lateral flexion on the same side.