Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9, Problem 6TYK
Which of the following is incorrect about pathways activated by G-protein–coupled receptors?
a. The extracellular signaling molecule is the first messenger.
b. When activated, plasma membrane-bound G protein canswitch on an effector.
c. Second messengers enter the nucleus.
d. ATP converts to cAMP to activate protein kinases.
e. Protein kinases phosphorylate molecules to change cellularactivity.
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A hormone signals through a G protein-coupled receptor as shown in the diagram. After the production of IP3, which of these events will MOST quickly stop the transduction of the signal?
A. the hydrolysis of IP3
B. the hydrolysis of GTP
C. the hydrolysis of PIP2
D. the hydrolysis of the hormone
Paracrine signaling is characterized by ligands that are
a. produced by the cell itself.
b. secreted by neighboring cells.
c. present on the plasma membrane of neighboring cells.
d. secreted by distant cells.
When activated extracellularly, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) initiate which of the following? (select all that apply)
a G protein signaling mechanism inside the cell.
b) A G protein signaling mechanism outside the cell.
c) Transporters to uptake degraded neurotransmitters for recycling.
d) The release of neurotransmitter molecules into the postsynaptic cell.
Chapter 9 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 9.1 - What accounts for the specificity of a cellular...Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 1SBCh. 9.2 - Prob. 2SBCh. 9.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 9.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 9.3 - Prob. 3SBCh. 9.3 - Prob. 4SBCh. 9.3 - Prob. 5SBCh. 9.3 - Prob. 6SBCh. 9.4 - What distinguishes a steroid receptor from a...
Ch. 9.4 - By what means does a specific steroid hormone...Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 1SBCh. 9 - In signal transduction, which of the following is...Ch. 9 - Which of the following could not elicit a signal...Ch. 9 - A cell that responds to a signaling molecule is...Ch. 9 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 9 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 9 - Which of the following is incorrect about pathways...Ch. 9 - Which of the following would not inhibit signal...Ch. 9 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 9 - Prob. 9TYKCh. 9 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 9 - Discuss Concepts Describe the possible ways in...Ch. 9 - Discuss Concepts Is providing extra insulin an...Ch. 9 - Discuss Concepts There are molecules called GTP...Ch. 9 - Discuss Concepts Why do you suppose cells evolved...Ch. 9 - How would you set up an experiment to determine...Ch. 9 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 9 - Prob. 1ITDCh. 9 - Prob. 2ITDCh. 9 - Prob. 3ITD
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- What are the locations of G-protein coupled receptors in animal cells, and how are they activated?• Describe a protein's activity when it is activated by a G protein.• Describe one method in which a cell's metabolic activity changes as a result of the activation of a G-protein coupled receptor.arrow_forwardThe receptors for lipid-soluble signaling molecule, such as steroid hormones, are located: A) in the nucleus of the target cell B) in the cytoplasm of the target cell C) in the bloodstream D) inserted into the membrane of the target cell E) Lipid-insoluble hormones do not need receptorsarrow_forwardWhen a signaling molecule binds with a receptor, (a) G proteins are inactivated (b) a third messenger is activated (c) cell signaling is terminated (d) cAMP is produced by the receptor (e) the receptor becomes activatedarrow_forward
- When a signal molecule (hormone) binds at a G protein-coupled receptor, the G protein a. Binds with GTP b. Becomes deactivated c. Binds with cAMP d. Binds with a kinase e. Binds to the signal moleculearrow_forwardActivation of certain GPCRs triggers an intracellular signaling mechanism that involves activation of adenlyl cyclase and an increase of cAMP. Which of the following statements best describes the the events that follow such a cAMP increase? a.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase C. b.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of the release of the gamma subunit from the GPCR. c.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase A.arrow_forwardInsulin is a peptide (protein) hormone. As such, which of the following would be the most likely receptor for this signaling hormone? Select one: a. A transmembrane receptor in the cell membrane b. An intracellular receptorarrow_forward
- Which signaling molecule or molecules bind to a G-protein coupled receptor? (note: there may or may not be more then one answer) a) cortisol b) insulin c) glucagon d) calcium e) cyclic AMP f) epinephrinearrow_forwardSuppose that a G protein undergoes a mutation that allows the exchange of bound GTP for GDP to occur in the absence of G protein binding to a receptor. How might this mutation affect signaling involving a GPCR? Which subunit of the G protein is most likely affected by the mutation?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is not correct about a second messenger system? A. The activating hormone interacts with a receptor site on the plasma membrane. B. The activating hormone activates an enzyme, most often adenylate cyclase C. Activated adenylate cyclase catalyzes the transformation of AMP to cyclic AMP D. Cyclic AMP causes the activation of protein kinase E. None of these are correct.arrow_forward
- Compare and contrast signaling events in the nervous vs. endocrine systems. How does a “message” get from the original neuron or endocrine gland to the target? How does the signal get transduced into something the target cell can respond to? Be sure to include a description of the signaling molecules and cellular receptors involved in each of these systems.arrow_forwardCompare and contrast the receptors and signalling cascade, and the physiological roles for two neurotransmitters in the brain Give examplesarrow_forwardYou are studying a drug that affects a cAMP signalling pathway that is normally initiated when a signalling molecule binds to a G-protein coupled receptor. You determine that the drug prevents the hydrolysis of GTP bound to G-proteins in this pathway. Describe the impact, if any, that this drug would have on the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), assuming that the pathway has been activated by the presence of the signalling molecule (first messenger). Include an explanation for your response.arrow_forward
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