Absorption costing and production-volume variance—alternative capacity bases. Planet Light First (PLF), a producer of energy-efficient light bulbs, expects that demand will increase markedly over the next decade. Due to the high fixed costs involved in the business, PLF has decided to evaluate its financial performance using absorption costing income. The production-volume variance is written off to cost of goods sold. The variable cost of production is $2.40 per bulb. Fixed
PLF is deciding among various concepts of capacity for calculating the cost of each unit produced. Its choices are as follows:
Theoretical capacity | 900,000 bulbs |
Practical capacity | 520,000 bulbs |
Normal capacity | 260,000 bulbs (average expected output for the next three years) |
Master-budget capacity | 225,000 bulbs expected production this year |
- 1. Calculate the inventoriable cost per unit using each level of capacity to compute fixed manufacturing cost per unit.
Required
- 2. Suppose PLF actually produces 300,000 bulbs. Calculate the production-volume variance using each level of capacity to compute the fixed manufacturing overhead allocation rate.
- 3. Assume PLF has no beginning inventory. If this year’s actual sales are 225,000 bulbs, calculate operating income for PLF using each type of capacity to compute fixed manufacturing cost per unit.
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Chapter 9 Solutions
HORNGRENS COST ACCOUNTING W/ACCESS
- Budgeted unit sales for the entire countertop oven industry were 2,500,000 (of all model types), and actual unit sales for the industry were 2,550,000. Recall from Cornerstone Exercise 18.6 that Iliff, Inc., provided the following information: Required: 1. Calculate the market share variance (take percentages out to four significant digits). 2. Calculate the market size variance. 3. What if Iliff actually sold a total of 41,000 units (in total of the two models)? How would that affect the market share variance? The market size variance?arrow_forwardCost-Volume-Profit, Margin of Safety Victoria Company produces a single product. Last years income statement is as follows: Required: 1. Compute the break-even point in units and sales dollars calculated using the break-even units. 2. What was the margin of safety for Victoria last year in sales dollars? 3. Suppose that Victoria is considering an investment in new technology that will increase fixed cost by 250,000 per year but will lower variable costs to 45% of sales. Units sold will remain unchanged. Prepare a budgeted income statement assuming that Victoria makes this investment. What is the new break-even point in sales dollars, assuming that the investment is made?arrow_forwardSegment variable costing income statement and effect on operating income of change in operations Valdespin Company manufactures three sizes of camping tentssmall (S), medium (M), and large (L). The income statement has consistently indicated a net loss for the M size, and management is considering three proposals: (1) continue Size M, (2) discontinue Size M and reduce total output accordingly, or (3) discontinue Size M and conduct an advertising campaign to expand the sales of Size S so that the entire plant capacity can continue to be used. If Proposal 2 is selected and Size M is discontinued and production curtailed, the annual fixed production costs and fixed operating expenses could be reduced by 46,080 and 32,240, respectively. If Proposal 3 is selected, it is anticipated that an additional annual expenditure of 34,560 for the rental of additional warehouse space would yield an additional 130% in Size S sales volume. It is also assumed that the increased production of Size S would utilize the plant facilities released by the discontinuance of Size M. The sales and costs have been relatively stable over the past few years, and they are expected to remain so for the foreseeable future. The income statement for the past year ended June 30, 20Y9, is as follows: Instructions 1. Prepare an income statement for the past year in the variable costing format. Use the following headings: Data for each size should be reported through contribution margin. The fixed costs should be deducted from the total contribution margin, as reported in the Total column, to determine operating income. 2. Based on the income statement prepared in (1) and the other data presented, determine the amount by which total annual operating income would be reduced below its present level if Proposal 2 is accepted. 3. Prepare an income statement in the variable costing format, indicating the projected annual operating income if Proposal 3 is accepted. Use the following headings: Data for each style should be reported through contribution margin. The fixed costs should be deducted from the total contribution margin as reported in the Total column. For purposes of this problem, the expenditure of 34,560 for the rental of additional warehouse space can be added to the fixed operating expenses. 4. By how much would total annual operating income increase above its present level if Proposal 3 is accepted? Explain.arrow_forward
- Iliff, Inc., produces and sells two types of countertop ovensthe toaster oven and the convection oven. Budgeted and actual data for the two models are shown below. Budgeted Amounts: Actual Amounts: Required: 1. Calculate the contribution margin variance. 2. What if actual units sold of the convection oven decreased? How would that affect the contribution margin variance? What if actual units sold of the convection oven increased? How would that affect the contribution margin variance?arrow_forwardContribution Margin Ratio, Break-Even Sales, Operating Leverage Elgart Company produces plastic mailboxes. The projected income statement for the coming year follows: Required: 1. Compute the contribution margin ratio for the mailboxes. 2. How much revenue must Elgart earn in order to break even? 3. What is the effect on the contribution margin ratio if the unit selling price and unit variable cost each increase by 15%? 4. CONCEPTUAL CONNECTION Suppose that management has decided to give a 4% commission on all sales. The projected income statement does not reflect this commission. Recompute the contribution margin ratio, assuming that the commission will be paid. What effect does this have on the break-even point? 5. CONCEPTUAL CONNECTION If the commission is paid as described in Requirement 4, management expects sales revenues to increase by 80,000. How will this affect operating leverage? Is it a sound decision to implement the commission? Support your answer with appropriate computations.arrow_forwardBolger and Co. manufactures large gaskets for the turbine industry. Bolgers per-unit sales price and variable costs for the current year are as follows: Bolgers total fixed costs aggregate to 360,000. Bolgers labor agreement is expiring at the end of the year, and management is concerned about the effects of a new labor agreement on its break-even point in units. The controller performed a sensitivity analysis to ascertain the estimated effect of a 10-per-unit direct labor increase and a 10,000 reduction in fixed costs. Based on these data, the break-even point would: a. decrease by 1,000 units. b. decrease by 125 units. c. increase by 375 units. d. increase by 500 units.arrow_forward
- Variable Cost Ratio, Contribution Margin Ratio Chillmax Company plans to sell 3,500 pairs of shoes at 60 each in the coming year. Unit variable cost is 21 (includes direct materials, direct labor, variable factory overhead, and variable selling expense). Fixed factory overhead is 30,000 and fixed selling and administrative expense is 48,000. Required: 1. Calculate the variable cost ratio. 2. Calculate the contribution margin ratio. 3. Prepare a contribution margin income statement based on the budgeted figures for next year. In a column next to the income statement, show the percentages based on sales for sales, total variable cost, and total contribution margin.arrow_forwardUsing Regression to Calculate Fixed Cost, Calculate the Variable Rate, Construct a Cost Formula, and Determine Budgeted Cost Refer to the information for Speedy Petes on the previous page. Coefficients shown by a regression program for Speedy Petes data are: Required: Use the results of regression to make the following calculations: 1. Calculate the fixed cost of deliveries and the variable rate per delivery. 2. Construct the cost formula for total delivery cost. 3. Calculate the budgeted cost for next month, assuming that 3,000 deliveries are budgeted. (Note: Round answers to the nearest dollar.) Use the following information for Brief Exercises 3-26 through 3-29: Speedy Petes is a small start-up company that delivers high-end coffee drinks to large metropolitan office buildings via a cutting-edge motorized coffee cart to compete with other premium coffee shops. Data for the past 8 months were collected as follows:arrow_forwardDirect materials variances Bellingham Company produces a product that requires 2.5 standard pounds per unit. The standard price is 3.75 per pound. If 15,000 units used 36,000 pounds, which were purchased at 4.00 per pound, what is the direct materials (A) price variance, (B) quantity variance, and (C) cost variance?arrow_forward
- The production cost for UV protective sunglasses is $5.50 per unit and fixed costs are $19,400 per month. How much is the favorable or unfavorable variance if 14,000 units were produced for a total of $97,000?arrow_forwardBuenolorl Company produces a well-known cologne. The standard manufacturing cost of the cologne is described by the following standard cost sheet: Management has decided to investigate only those variances that exceed the lesser of 10% of the standard cost for each category or 20,000. During the past quarter, 250,000 four-ounce bottles of cologne were produced. Descriptions of actual activity for the quarter follow: a. A total of 1.35 million ounces of liquids was purchased, mixed, and processed. Evaporation was higher than expected. (No inventories of liquids are maintained.) The price paid per ounce averaged 0.42. b. Exactly 250,000 bottles were used. The price paid for each bottle was 0.048. c. Direct labor hours totaled 48,250, with a total cost of 733,000. Normal production volume for Buenolorl is 250,000 bottles per quarter. The standard overhead rates are computed by using normal volume. All overhead costs are incurred uniformly throughout the year. (Note: Round unit costs to the nearest cent and total amounts to the nearest dollar.) Required: 1. Calculate the upper and lower control limits for materials and labor. 2. Compute the total materials variance, and break it into price and usage variances. Would these variances be investigated? 3. Compute the total labor variance, and break it into rate and efficiency variances. Would these variances be investigated?arrow_forwardData for Torleson Company are as follows: Required: 1. Calculate the sales price variance. 2. Calculate the sales volume variance. 3. Suppose that the product is in the introductory stage of the product life cycle. What information do these two variances provide to Torlesons managers?arrow_forward
- Managerial Accounting: The Cornerstone of Busines...AccountingISBN:9781337115773Author:Maryanne M. Mowen, Don R. Hansen, Dan L. HeitgerPublisher:Cengage LearningPrinciples of Cost AccountingAccountingISBN:9781305087408Author:Edward J. Vanderbeck, Maria R. MitchellPublisher:Cengage LearningFinancial And Managerial AccountingAccountingISBN:9781337902663Author:WARREN, Carl S.Publisher:Cengage Learning,
- Managerial AccountingAccountingISBN:9781337912020Author:Carl Warren, Ph.d. Cma William B. TaylerPublisher:South-Western College PubCornerstones of Cost Management (Cornerstones Ser...AccountingISBN:9781305970663Author:Don R. Hansen, Maryanne M. MowenPublisher:Cengage LearningPrinciples of Accounting Volume 2AccountingISBN:9781947172609Author:OpenStaxPublisher:OpenStax College