Campbell Biology: Australian And New Zealand Edition + Mastering Biology With Etext
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781488687075
Author: Lisa, A. Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 9, Problem 9TYU
MAKE CONNECTIONS The proton pump shown in Figures 7.17 and 7.18 is a type of ATP synthase (see Figure 9.14). Compare the processes shown in the two figures, and say whether they are involved in active or passive transport (see Concepts 7.3 and 7.4).
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Coupled transport across a cell membrane:
O requires isomerization of a pigment molecule by a photon.
O requires ATP hydrolysis to power the transporter's conformational changes.
O always transports both cargo molecules in the same direction.
O None of these options describe coupled transport.
O cannot occur if either cargo molecule can achieve transit alone through the
transporter.
K+
[Select]
[Select]
A
Na+
Primary active transport is being shown by transporter
[Select]
which uses
[Select]
ATP
[Select]
B
The transported
molecules in this mechanism are being moved
[Select]
to move
Glucose
active transport is being shown by transporter
[Select]
which uses
the gradient. Secondary
to move
against the gradient.
When both the molecules move through a transporter in
the same direction as in B, this type of transport is called
antiport.
In the situations described below, what is the free energy change if 1 mole of
Na* is transported across a membrane from a region where the concentra-
tion is 1 µM to a region where it is 100 mM? (Assume T = 37 °C.)
(a) In the absence of a membrane potential.
(b) When the transport is opposed by a membrane potential of 70 mV.
(c) In cach case, will hydrolysis of 1 mole of ATP suffice to drive the trans-
port of 1 mole of ion, assuming pH 7.4 and the following cytoplamic
concentrations: ATP= 4.60 mM, P = 5.10 mM, ADP = 310 µM?
Chapter 9 Solutions
Campbell Biology: Australian And New Zealand Edition + Mastering Biology With Etext
Ch. 9.1 - Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic...Ch. 9.1 - WHAT IF? If the following redox reaction...Ch. 9.2 - VISUAL SKILLS During the redox reaction in...Ch. 9.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 9.3 - What process in your cells produce the CO2 that...Ch. 9.3 - VISUAL SKILLS The conversions shown in Figure...Ch. 9.4 - WHAT IF? What effect would an absence of O2 have...Ch. 9.4 - WHAT IF? In the absence of O2 as in question 1,...Ch. 9.4 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Membranes must be fluid to...Ch. 9.5 - Consider the NADH formed during glycolysis. What...
Ch. 9.5 - WHAT IF? A glucose-fed yeast cell is moved from...Ch. 9.6 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Compare the structure of a fat...Ch. 9.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 9.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 9.6 - VISUAL SKILLS During intense exercise, can a...Ch. 9 - Describe the difference between the two processes...Ch. 9 - Which reactions in glycolysis are the source of...Ch. 9 - What molecular products indicate the complete...Ch. 9 - Briefly explain the mechanism by which ATP...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.5CRCh. 9 - Prob. 9.6CRCh. 9 - Level 1: Knowledge/Comprehension 1. The immediate...Ch. 9 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 9 - 3. The final electron acceptor of the electron...Ch. 9 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 9 - What is the oxidizing agent in the following...Ch. 9 - When electrons flow along the electron transport...Ch. 9 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 9 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 9 - MAKE CONNECTIONS The proton pump shown in Figures...Ch. 9 - VISUAL SKILLS This Computer model shows the four...Ch. 9 - INTERPRET THE DATA Phosphofructokinase is an...Ch. 9 - DRAW IT The graph here shows the pH difference...Ch. 9 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION AIP synthases are found in...Ch. 9 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY In the 1930s, some physicians...Ch. 9 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION In a short essay...Ch. 9 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is sold...
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- In facilitated diffusion, what is the role of the transport protein? > View Available Hint(s) O Transport proteins allow solutes to move passively down their concentration gradient across the membrane. O Transport proteins provide the energy for diffusion of the solute. O Transport proteins provide a low-resistance channel for water molecules to cross the membrane. O Transport proteins provide a protein site for ATP hydrolysis, which facilitates the movement of a solute across a membrane. Transport proteins organize the phospholipids to allow the solute to cross the membrane.arrow_forwardPart B → you were dealing with an uncharged molecule rather than an ion, would your answer for part A be higher or lower, assuming all other conditions remained the same? Explain Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used. Submit Provide Feedback, 포 would higher would not lower the same Request Answer The actual value for an uncharged molecule would be the membrane potential 8 be reduced much more because the ATP-driven pumping Reset Help since the internal concentration have to fightarrow_forward3 Diagram A below illustrates schematically a classic experiment designed to test the chemi- osmotic hypothesis. Phospholipid vesicles were made to contain beef heart mitochondrial ATP syn- thase and bacteriorhodopsin, a light driven proton pump isolated from Halobacterium holobium. Under light illumination, proton translocation by bacteriorhodopsin results in ATP synthesis when ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) are added to the suspension of vesicles. Diagram B shows a plot of the rate of ATP synthesis as a function of the proton gradient ApH. Bacteriorhodopsin in synthetic vesicle 100F A outside inside 5아 Fo F1 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 A pH (a) how this differs from its orientation in mitochondria. Given the orientation of the components of ATP synthase complex in diagram A, describe (b) cavity of the vesicle become the region of low proton concentration or the region of high proton con- centration? Explain your reasoning. Under light illumination to activate bacteriorhodopsin to drive ATP…arrow_forward
- 21. The heart of Peter Mitchell’s theory of chemiosmosis implies that the connection betweenelectron transport and the synthesis of ATP is indirect. Explain this statement.arrow_forwardDescribe the role of each of the membrane proteins shown in the picture below. Think about what is happening to the electrons and describe how energy is transformed as electrons move along the chain. Part of this involves the formation of the proton gradient. The other part is the explanation of the energetics of electron transport that you investigated above. In other words, the reason that electrons always flow from complex I to complex III to complex IV to oxygen.arrow_forwardHow much energy is required to pump a mole of protons in a mitochondria with the following conditions? pH of matrix = 8.2, pH of intermembrane space 7.4, membrane potential of - 65 mV (N-side relative to P-side), temperature = 37C. Express answer to the nearest 0.1 kJ/mole.arrow_forward
- help fill in these blanks in [] Sodium-potassium ATPases are [passive/active] transporters that move sodium and potassium [with/against] their electrochemical gradients. In other words, potassium and sodium transport, without any coupled process, are [endergonic/exergonic] processes. These transporters are [primary active/facilitated/secondary active] transporters meaning that the transport process is coupled to [ATP hydrolysis/ion diffusion] to make the process spontaneous. P-type ATPases are [acid-base/covalent/nucleophilic] catalysts that become phosphorylated during the transport cycle. The sodium-potassium ATPase moves [3/2/1] cations out of the cell for every [1/2/3] cations it moves into the cell, polarizing the membrane such that the inside is [positive/negative] compared to the outside.arrow_forwardComplex 2 EXTRACELLULAR SPACE glucose 3 Na plasma membrane K* electrochemica gradient Na electrochemical gradient glucose concentration gradient CYTOSOL ADP ATP Complex 1 Digoxin is a complex 1 inhibitor. Suppose digoxin was added to the cell and the fluids from the extracellular space and cytosol were subjected to Benedict's test. Describe the expected result from the test.arrow_forwardArrange the sequence of events in Oxidative Phosphorylation. (1-5) As the H+ ions move through the ATP synthase it'll provide the power to make the ATP synthase to turn. As it turns, a phosphate group is added to an ADP, forming a proton gradient-energy as ATP. With the help of a channel protein called ATP synthase, these H* ions are transferred back to the matrix. The electrons are passed to another electron carrier called cytochrome C (cyt C), which carries the = electrons to enzyme complex IV. Here, the last batch of H* ions are pumped into the intermembrane space. Enzyme complexes I and Il then transport the electrons through ubiquinone (Q), a mobile electron carrier. Q is reduced to QH, in the process and delivers the electrons to enzyme complex III. As this happens, more H* ions are pumped into the intermembrane space. The NADH and FADH2 produced from the previous stages of cellular respiration bring electrons across the transport chain to initiate the oxidative phosphorylation.arrow_forward
- Transportation by transporters and channels are similar in that they both can occur with passive transport but yet one (transport by transporters) sometimes requires energy in order to happen, does the use of energy provide something special to the cell?arrow_forwardThe remarkable properties that allow ATP synthase to run in either direction allow the interconversion of energy stored in the H+ gradient and energy stored in ATP to proceed in either direction. If ATP synthase making ATP can be likened to a water-driven turbine producing electricity, what would be an appropriate analogy when it works in the opposite direction?arrow_forward23.Summarize the steps that occur to set up secondary transport (co-transport) and during co-transport. Practice by drawing in circled numbers in the images below to match the steps I have summarized below. [Gluc [Na] low Na high Na ATP 1. Three Na' ions inside the cell move OUT of the cell, across the Na*K* pump, from a low to a high concentration (AGAINST their concentration gradient). This requires the energy of ATP. This sets up the concentration gradient needed in the next step (the next step requires a low Nation concentration INSIDE the cell) 2. Nations in the interstitial fluid = extracellular fluid (fluid surrounding the cell) move INTO the cell, across a co-transport protein. The ions move from a high to a low concentration (DOWN their concentration gradient). This RELEASES energy. This energy is used in the next step. 3. Glucose in the interstitial fluid moves INTO the cell, across a co-transport protein, from a low to a high concentration (AGAINST their concentration…arrow_forward
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