Concept explainers
Derivatives: Derivatives are some financial instruments which are meant for managing risk and safeguard the risk created by other financial instruments. These financial instruments derive the values from the future value of underlying security or index. Some examples of derivatives are forward contracts, interest rate swaps, futures, and options.
Interest rate swap: This is a type of derivative used by two parties under a contract to exchange the consequences (net cash difference between interest payments) of fixed interest rate for floating interest rate, or vice versa, without exchanging the principal or notional amounts.
To determine: The effect of gain or loss on the notional difference of $500,000, the difference between fixed rate debt of $2,000,000, and the $2,500,000 interest rate swap
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter A Solutions
Intermediate Accounting
- On January 1, 2024, Avalanche Corporation borrowed $120,000 from First Bank by issuing a two-year, 8% fixed-rate note with annual interest payments. The principal of the note is due on December 31, 2025. Avalanche wanted to hedge against declines in general interest rates, so it also entered into a two-year SOFR-based interest rate swap agreement on January 1, 2024, and designates it as a fair value hedge. Because the swap is entered at market rates, the fair value of the swap is zero at inception. The agreement called for the company to receive fixed interest at the current SOFR swap rate of 5% and pay floating interest tied to SOFR. This arrangement results in an effective variable rate on the note of SOFR + 3%. The contract specifies that the floating rate resets each year on June 30 and December 31 for the net settlement that is due the following period. In other words, the net cash settlement is calculated using beginning- of-period rates. The SOFR rates on the swap reset dates…arrow_forwardSlush Corporation has two bonds outstanding, each with a face value of $3.1 million. Bond A is secured on the company’s head office building; bond B is unsecured. Slush has suffered a severe downturn in demand. Its head office building is worth $1.11 million, but its remaining assets are now worth only $2 million. If the company defaults, what payoff can the holders of bond B expect?arrow_forwardDEFS Company issues 5% long term debt and engages with FEDS Company in an interest rate swap. In exchange for LIBOR, FEDS will pay 4.5% to DEFS. If the LIBOR is presently 3%, and DEFS CAPM is 6%, what is DEFS net payment? your answer should look like this 4.5 that is not the right answerarrow_forward
- Carter Enterprises can issue floating-rate debt at LIBOR + 2% or fixed-ratedebt at 10%. Brence Manufacturing can issue floating-rate debt at LIBOR +3.1% or fixed-rate debt at 11%. Suppose Carter issues floating-rate debt andBrence issues fixed-rate debt. They are considering a swap in which Cartermakes a fixed-rate payment of 7.95% to Brence and Brence makes a payment of LIBOR to Carter. What are the net payments of Carter and Brence ifthey engage in the swap? Would Carter be better off if it issued fixed-ratedebt or if it issued floating-rate debt and engaged in the swap? Would Brencebe better off if it issued floating-rate debt or if it issued fixed-rate debt andengaged in the swap? Explain your answers.arrow_forwardKitwe Corporation has invested R50m in bonds issued by Mochudi Minerals Exploration. Kitwe is somehow worried that Mochudi Minerals Exploration may be facing a financial crisis. Therefore, Kitwe buys R50m worth of CDS protection on Mochudi Minerals Exploration debt for two years from Peoples Bank at a premium of 200 bps (2%) per annum. Explain scenarios of default and no default.arrow_forwardSuppose that a firm has 5 bondholders each expecting to be paid today their principal of $1 million each. The firm is in default, as its going-concern value is only $3 million, falling short of the $5 million to be repaid. The firm could liquidate and sell all of its assets for a value of $1 million, so that each bondholder would recover $200,000 on their claim. The firm offers its bondholders a debt-for-equity swap, but four of out the five bondholders must participate and become equityholders for the swap to succeed. In the table below, calculate the "lower bound" payoff if only four bondholders participate and the "upper bound" payoff if all five bondholders participate. The correct answer is lower bound=$500,000 and upper bound=$600,000arrow_forward
- Suppose a bank enters a repurchase agreement in which it agrees to buy Treasury securities from a correspondent bank at a price of $25,950,000, with the promise to buy them back at a price of $26,000,000. a. Calculate the yield on the repo if it has a 5-day maturity. b. Calculate the yield on the repo if it has a 15-day maturitarrow_forwardIt is not unusual to issue long-term debt in conjunction with an arrangement under which lenders receive an option to buy common stock during all or a portion of the time the debt is outstanding. Sometimes the vehicle is convertible bonds; sometimes warrants to buy stock accompany the bonds and are separable. Interstate Chemical is considering these options in conjunction with a planned debt issue.“You mean we have to report $7 million more in liabilities if we go with convertible bonds? Makes no sense to me,” your CFO said. “Both ways seem pretty much the same transaction. Explain it to me, will you?”1. The differences in accounting for proceeds from the issuance of convertible bonds and of debt instruments with separate warrants to purchase common stock. 2. The underlying rationale for the differences. 3. Arguments that could be presented for the alternative accounting treatment.arrow_forwardThe Risky-Bet firm has promised payments to its bondholders that total £100. The company believes that there is an 85% chance that the cash flow will be sufficient to meet these claims. However, there is a 15% chance that the cash flow will fall short, in which case total earnings are expected to be £65. If that happens, then the firm will go bankrupt. If the bond sells in the market for £84, what is (i) an estimate of the bankruptcy costs for Risky-bet and (ii) the impact of bankruptcy costs on the price of the bond? a. (i) £14.35 and (ii) £-1.68 a. (i) £14.35 and (ii) £-2.14 a. (i) £15.67 and (ii) £-1.68 a. (i) £15.67 and (ii) £-2.14 e. None of the abovearrow_forward
- Millikin Corporation decided to hedge two transactions. The first transaction is a forecasted transaction to buy 500 tons of inventory in 60 days. The company was concerned that selling prices might increase, and it acquired a 60-day option to buy inventory at a price of $1,200 per ton. Upon acquiring the option, the company paid a premium of $10 per ton when the spot price was $1,201. At the end of 30 days, the option had a value of $19 per ton and a current spot price of $1,214 per ton. Upon expiration of the option, the spot price was $1,216 per ton. In another transaction, the company borrowed $3,000,000 at a fixed rate of 8%; after three months, the company became concerned that variable rates would be lower than 8%. In response, the company entered into an interest rate swap whereby it paid variable rates to a counterparty in exchange for a fixed rate of 8%. The reset rate for the first 30 days of the swap was 8.1% and was 7.8% for the second 30 days of the swap. The fair value…arrow_forwardDesert Trading Company has issued $100 million worth of long-term bonds at a fixed rate of 7%. The firm then enters into an interest rate swap where it pays LIBOR and receives a fixed 6% on notional principal of $100 million. What is the firm’s effective interest rate on its borrowing?arrow_forwardOn January 1, 2021, Brandon Electronics issued $85 million of 11.5% bonds, dated January 1. The market yield for bonds of maturity issued by similar firms in terms of riskiness is 12.25%. How can Brandon sell debt paying only 11.5% in a 12.25% market?arrow_forward
- Cornerstones of Financial AccountingAccountingISBN:9781337690881Author:Jay Rich, Jeff JonesPublisher:Cengage LearningIntermediate Financial Management (MindTap Course...FinanceISBN:9781337395083Author:Eugene F. Brigham, Phillip R. DavesPublisher:Cengage Learning