In situ hybridization

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique used to locate the position of specific DNA or RNA sequences in the cell. In situ hybridization is a process that relies on the ability of double stranded DNA or RNA to re-anneal after it has been denatured. A labeled probe is used to bind to the single strand of genetic material

programs worldwide lead to significant increase of the rate of detection of DCIS which nowadays represents approximately 20% of all new diagnoses of breast tumours 1-4 Biological characteristics of DCIS and pathways of evolution Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is defined as an intraductal epithelial cell proliferation with morphologic features of malignancy, but without any evidence of basement membrane penetration. DCIS is lined by a layer of semi-continuous myoepithelial cells and surrounded by

How the staining of the centromere sequences using FISH can be used to determine the sex of metaphase chromosomes and how immunostaining of the synaptomenal complex of meiotic cells can show the stages involved in prophase. Abstract Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and immunostaining are both processes that allow for specific features within a chromosome to be observed. FISH is when a DNA probe that is fluorescently tagged complementary binds to a specific sequence in the chromosome, in this

Researchers have taken the Y-chromosome of higher primates including humans, and great apes (orangutans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas) and ran analysis research. They have discovered that the X and Y chromosomes recombine only at the pseudo autosomal region (PAR), which is located at the tip of one arm of X and Y chromosome respectively (Wimmer et al., 2005). They have also discovered that due to lack of recombination the Y-chromosome goes through, there is a specific point in the gene where mutations

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is a craniosynostosis which the main clinical feature is the presence of uni/bi-lateral coronal synostosis. Other facial clinical features are strabism, bulgy eyes and small sized ears with a peculiar prominent cus. Patients can also present syndactily of digits with various severities. Mutations in Twist1 are the only responsible for this specific syndrome. The mutations so far observed lead to the production of truncated or non-functional TWIST protein. Saethre-Chotzen

Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS) is a rare disorder of brain development that causes severe intellectual disabilities and problems with locomotion. AHDS occurs exclusively in males disrupting development from before birth being a psychomotor retardation characterized by neurological impairment and abnormal thyroid hormone (TH) levels. Past research has shown that mutations in the TH transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) are associated with AHDS with MCT8 knockout mice exhibiting impaired

opinion I am glad that 147 participants were in this study so that the experimenters could get enough information to have a better unbiased result. A couple of methods used to test these samples were tissue microarray (TMA) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). TMA allows for multiple samples to be tested at once and it is a great way to compare multiple samples. Also, the samples would not containment the other samples. FISH is used to bind the genetic structures that are similar to one another

To date, the expression of at least ten distinct SERCA isoforms has been identified in mammalian cells (Fawzia Baba-Aissa, Raeymaekers, Wuytack, Dode, & Casteels, 1998; Periasamy & Kalyanasundaram, 2007). As already stated, in vertebrates the different SERCA isoforms are encoded by alternatively spliced transcripts of three main SERCA genes; SERCA1, SERCA2, and SERCA3 (Brandl et al., 1986; Gunteski-Hamblin et al., 1988; Lytton & MacLennan, 1988; D. H. MacLennan et al., 1985). Despite the differences

leukemia I. Blood test II. Bone marrow test (aspiration and biopsy) III. Cytogenetic analysis IV. Immunophenotyping V. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) b. Additional diagnostic test for chronic leukemia I. Immunoglobulin test II. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) III. G-banding karyotyping IV. Chemotherapy is in use to slow or stop the growth of cancer cells in the body. a. Methods of applying chemotherapy I. Orally taken pills II. Injected into the veins III. Direct placement in the fluid surrounding

birth. This syndrome is caused by the deletion of 26-28 genes in chromosome 7. Symptoms include facial deformities, trouble speaking, and the narrowing of the Aorta with many more symptoms. This syndrome is tested at birth with fluorescent in situ hybridization or FISH. With blood samples, they test the blood for the deletion of chromosome 7. FISH checks if many as of 22-26 genes are deleted. Because there is no cure for this syndrome, you will most likely have physical therapy and early education