Evolution and Selection Teacher Guide6

1. Why do you think it is necessary for there to be variation in a population in order for evolution by natural selection to occur? 2. Why is it necessary for traits to be inherited for evolution to take place? 3. If a population is already well adapted to its environment, will most mutations be helpful or harmful? Explain.

6. Read the following sentence: “Even though people selectively breed to yield animals with desired traits, there are dangers to selective breeding.” What does yield mean as used in the text? a) To produce b) To surrender c) To endanger d) Not worth much money to remove

1.  What is the function of melanin in humans? What is the function of melanin in other species? 2.  According to the film, why is there a lack of diversity in the MC1R allele among African populations?  3.  According to the film, why was dark skin selected for regions close to the equator?  4.  Describe the selective pressure favoring light skin in regions far from the equator.  5.  Which human populations living in which environments are most at risk for rickets today and why?

36. The E gene in chickens affects feather colour. The dominant phenotype is black feathers, heterozygotes have blue feathers, and the recessive phenotype is white feathers. After surveying a large population of chickens that escaped from a farm many generations ago, 23% are black feathered, 14% are blue, and 63% are white. Which evolutionary force has most likely acted on the E gene? A. Heterozygote advantage. B. Selection against the dominant phenotype. C. Inbreeding. D. Blue feathered chickens have immigrated into the population. E. None, the population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.

8. Give an example of a positive effect of selective breeding. (It can be ascertained from the article, our lesson, or the supplemental videos)

1.Describe the ways that gene number or gene position on a chromosome, might be altered? What implications might that have on evolution? 2.What are the conditions that must be met for a population to stay in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? What happens if these conditions are not met? 3.What type of selection would most likely benefit heterozygous individuals and which will result in a population losing alleles: directional, disruptive, or stabilizing? Explain. 4.How might frequency dependent selection and the heterozygote advantage help maintain multiple alleles in a population? 5.Describe the theory of evolution by natural selection. Include terms like "excess reproduction, genetically distinct offspring, changing allele frequencies, and adaptive traits".

19. fe In the US, many farmers regularly use the herbicide glyphosate to keep their fields free from weeds. Now, however, they are reporting the presence and spread of superweeds which are resistant to the said herbicide. Give a brief explanation of this situation using what you learned about natural selection. (Modified from Hoefnagels, 2016)

#27 a.) which of the following are both forces of evolution 1. Selection and Mutation 2. Selection and infinite populations 3. Gene Flow and Mendelian genetics 4. Migration and Random mating   b.) In this part we want to know which of the following are assumptions of the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium model? Mark all the correct assumptions.  1. there is no mutation 2. all genotypes have different fitness 3. sexual selection 4. random mating

1. Fitness is most correctly a technical term. What does it mean? What two things do you suppose govern the rate of evolution by natural selection? Explain how the Darwanian evolution can decrease and increase the frequency of an allele( or a more complex heritable trait, for that matter).

The dog breed West Highland Terrier is a product of artificial selection. Give a brief description of the breed and its desired traits. What wild ancestor did it come from? Was it produced with selective breeding or genetic engineering (i.e. genetically modified)? What are the benefits of artificial selection in this case? Are there potential negative consequences?

What is the answer and why? Please explain your answer

Please explain your answer

17. Which of the following statements best explains the Theory of Natural Selection? *       a. Organs that are not used may disappear, while organs that are constantly used may develop       b. In nature, the organism with desirable characteristics may survive, while those weaker traits may not       c. Organisms develop desirable structures to survive in a given environment       d. Acquired characteristics of parents can be passed on to offspring 18. Larry Daley is a paleontologist found out some Central American Acacia species that have hollow thorns and pores at the bases of their leaves that secrete nectar. He used the species to understand the history and origin of the place. From the given situation, the Central American Acacia species is an example of _____________. *       a. evolution       b. fossil       c. mutation       d. coevolution

1. What could be the possible roles of genetic drift in human evolution? Discuss it and show possible evidences for each role. Do not just copy it from somewhere, please.

1. Which among the following is NOT a principle of natural selection?  a. The DNA sequence of the organism will change. b. The characteristics of organisms are inherited or passed from parent to offspring. c. Offspring vary among each other about their characteristics, and those variations are inherited. d. More offspring are produced than can survive.   2. Tawilis is a freshwater sardine endemic only in the Taal Lake in Batangas province. After several eruptions of the Taal volcano in the 21st century, the sardine population mentioned above rapidly dropped up to 82%. What best describe this scenario?  a. mutation b. migration c. natural selection d. genetic drift

Selection is often assumed to eliminate genetic variation. 1. What are the diversity of mechanisms that can explain why genetic variation is maintained in populations.

1. THE PROCESS BY WHICH ORGANISMS CHANGE OVER TIME IS KNOWN AS 2. THE PROCESS WHEREBY ORGANISMS THAT ARE BETTER ADAPTED TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT TEND TO SURVIVE AND PRODUCE MORE OFFSPRING IS KNOWN AS 3. WHO DEVELOPED THE THEORY OF USE AND DISUSE? 4. WHICH THEORISTS SUGGESTED THAT ORGANISMS CAN "ACQUIRE" THE TRAITS NEEDED TO SURVIVE DURING A LIFE TIME? 5. WHICH THEORISTS SUGGESTED THAT ORGANISMS WITH BETTER TRAITS CAN SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE TO PASS THOSE FAVORABLE TRAITS TO THEIR OFFSPRING? 6. GENETIC VARIATION WAS A MAJOR FACTOR IN WHOSE THEORY? 7. "SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST" WAS COINED BY WHO?

9. Give an example of a negative effect of selective breeding.

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1. What could be the possible roles of genetic drift in human evolution? Discuss it thoroughly and present possible evidences for these roles. Do not just copy it from somewhere, please.

1. How did naturalists develop the concept of evolution?2. What happened to the expedition of Charles Darwin in the Galapagos Islands? What was his findings about evolution?3. In your own words, what is the main concept behind theory of evolution by means of natural selection?4. How do you explain evolution to people who believe that it is just a theory?5. Evolution is forever. Do you agree or disagree? Defend your answer.

Please explain your answer

Artificial selection is when people selectively choose individuals with a certain desired trait to use as parents of the next generation. It is done to domesticated (or semi-domesticated) organisms. It has produced such monstrosities as bubble-eyed goldfish, revealing the potential for selection acting on heritable variation to produce varieties appearing very different than their ancestors. How is that different from natural selection? (Select all that apply) A- In artificial selection, humans directly cause new mutations to occur, whereas natural selection relies on mutations that occur randomly over time. B- Artificial selection can lead to organisms that would be unfit to survive in the wild, whereas natural selection usually makes the population better adapted. C- Artificial selection is directed ahead of time towards an intentional goal; not so with natural selection. D- Really, they are exactly the same process. Both cause what seems to be design without a designer. E-…

1. Which among the following is NOT a principle of natural selection?  a. The genes produced are a combination of the surviving and less favorable species b. The characteristics of organisms are inherited or passed from parent to offspring. c. Offspring vary among each other about their characteristics, and those variations are inherited d.More offspring are produced than can survive   2. Which of the following information is FALSE about the development of evolutionary thought?  a. In his essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Malthus predicts that the human population will grow faster than space and food supplies needed to sustain it. b. Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS. Beagle, a voyage that would provide him with evidence that leads to his theory of evolution. c. In the second and final volume of Principles of Geology, Alfred Wallace explained that processes occurring now had shaped Earth's geological features over a long time. d.…

2. What is the role of variation in evolution – if heterozygosity is reduced, what happens to the potential for evolution? The phenotype (and genotype) of a population is due to a "mosaic" of random and directed processes. Some of these have to do with history; some are related to adaptation, etc. As completely as possible, discuss the role of chance and direction in evolution and in determining the phenotype of a population.

Associated SNPs outside of gene no effect on protein production or function T G Associated SNPs within gene no effect on protein. production or function Regulatory sequences A Coding region C T www.Biolnteractive.org Noncoding SNP: changes amount of protein produced Unassociated SNP far from gene Causative SNPs within gene on same chromosome or different chromosome Protein Coding SNP: changes amino acid sequence Figure 3. A diagram showing various ways. in which a SNP could be associated with a certain gene and its trait. GWAS in the News Read the following news release, which describes a GWAS study with dogs. Note that a dog's coat refers to its fur or hair. Variants in Three Genes Account for Most Dog Coat Differences Variants in just three genes acting in different combinations account for the wide range of coat textures seen in dogs from the poodle's tight curls to the beagle's stick-straight fur. A team led by researchers from the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI),…

5. a. Is genetic drift a gain or loss in heterozygosity?  b. What population is most effected by drift? Ne = 20 or Ne = 200. Why?  c. There is a balancing act between drift and another force of evolution. What is it and why is this important?

1) What does the term Natural Selection mean? Select one: a.The number and relative frequency of alleles present in a particular population. b.The process through which individuals with certain traits tend to produce more surviving offspring that individuals without those traits. c. Any change in the hereditary material of an organism.