Microbiome-1

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Dec 6, 2023

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Microbiome Homework Connect 1) A collection of all the RNA sequences , including mRNA and noncoding RNAs, produced by a single organism is called a(n) Transcriptome 2) Malnutrition related to the microbiome is responsible for stunted growth in children globally how many children are affected in stunded growth? 180 million. 3) All of the microbes and their genetic material present in a defined environment are referred to as the microbiome. 4) Archaea, bacteria , protists and fungi are classified as microorganisms because they are microscopic. 5) Which groups of organisms can be part of a microbiome? a) Protist b) Bacteria c) Archaea d) Plants 6) Which of the following describes a collection of all of the messenger RNA sequences produced by a single organism under defined conditions? a) Transcriptome b) Proteome c) RNA Library d) Genome e) Polymerase chain 7) Which of the following microbiomes in children stimulates growth hormones? a)Muscular b) Skin c) Skeletal d) Gut 8) Which of the following nucleic acids is being use to identify various organisms in a microbiome? a) mRNA b) snRNA c) rRNA d) tRNA 9) Microbes that playa n important ecological ole in a defined area are referred to as which of the following? a) Metagenome b) Biofilm c) Speciation d) Microbiome. 10) Bacteria and fungi are microscopic, which explains their classification as microorganism /microbes. 11) Microbiomes are complex systems in large part because ____ a) They contain a diverse array of microbial species b) They have not been well studied in the lab c) they contain a dominant species that drives interactions.

d) microbes are so small. 12) The sequences of bases of rRNAs within a species or a closely related species can be described as which of the following? a) Poorly conserved. b) Variable with each other. c) Highly conserved. 13) A collection f all the RNA sequences, including ,RNA and noncoding RNAs, produced by a single organism is called a(n) Transcriptome. 14) Which of the following cellular structures is used by bacteria to produce proteins? a) Mitochondria b) Rough endoplasmic reticulum c ) Ribosomes. d) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 15) All the microbes and their genetic material present in a defined environment are referred to as the microbiome. 16) Archaea, bacteria, protists and fungi are classified as microorganisms because they are microscopic. 17) Differences in which of the following are used to determine the evolutionary relationship among organisms in a microbiome? a) tRNA b)mRNA c) proteins d) rDNA 18) Which of the following describes a collection of all of the messenger RNA sequences produced by a single organism under defined conditions? a) Transcriptome 19) which of the following is a reduced form of nitrogen that photosynthetic plants can used in the manufacture of chlorophyll? Ammonia. 20) The genome of all the organisms present in a sample undergoing WMS is defined as metagenome

21) the sequence of bases of rRNAs within a specie or a closely related species can be described as which of the following ? Highly conserved 22) Crop plants and other photosynthetic organisms need fixed nitrogen to manufacture which of the following? Chlorophyll and Amino acids. 23) Which of the following are physical systems that might contain microbiomes? Oceans, soil,Rivers, Ice 24) Investigators discovered that earth’s atmosphere has a microbiome by exposing culture plates to airstreams outside airplanes. 25) Some bacterial species are capable of produing certain vitamins and/or toxins these compounds are referred to as metabolites 26) Which of the following are present in the greatest number in the Earth’s oceans? a) Fish b) Microorganisms c) Whales d) Crustaceans. 27) Which of the following produce approximately one-half of the Earth’s annual organic carbon and oxygen? Cyanobacteria and algae of the oceans. 28) Some microbiomes are associated with living organisms known as hosts or host 29) A recent analysis of tropical air metagenomes revealed which group of microbes to be most prevalent? Eukaryotes. 30) Some microbes are able to produce specific metabolites through metabolic pathways. 31) the abundance of microorganism in the ocean is greater than that of fish and whales. 32) Which of the following protists play a role in the movement of organic molecules into the deep ocean? Rhizardian Alveolate Stramenopile. 33) The cyanobacteria and algae present in the world’s oceans produce approximately 50% of the annual organic Carbon and Oxygen gas.

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34) The cyanobacterial genus heavily involved with movement of organic molecules to the deeper ocean depths is called Synechococcus. 35) Species of Mycrocystis produce more than 100 different forms of the toxin microcystin which inhibits eukaryotic phosphatases. 36) Identify the main effects of the cyanobacterial toxins, microcystin on humans. Hemorrhage and liver damage/cancer 37) Humans harbor approximately how many bacterial species in and on their bodies? Thousands. 38) Which of the following acquire their microbiomes from the surrounding soil and air by the secretion of organic molecules which attract beneficial microbes? Plant seedlings. 39) If a eukaryotic cell is exposed to the Cyanobacterial toxin, microcystin the cell signaling process is disrupted because the cell is not able to remove phosphate from organic compounds. 40) Chronic exposure to microcystin is associated with high rates of liver cancer in humans. 41) Humans have a microbiome in and on their bodies. We are said to be the microbiome hosts 42) Humans get their first exposure to microbes during which of the following transit through the birth canal. 43) Which of the following African primates have gut microbiomes that resemble humans? Chimpanzees, gorillas,Bonobos 44) the lichen body is made up primarily of fungus, fungi. 45) Which of the following statements about lichens is true? Lichens produce acids that break-up rocks Lichen are involved with soild building. The lichens nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria increase soil fertility. 46) Which of the following defines a region of the soil close to plant root surfaces that contains a diverse assortment of microbes? Rhizosphere

47) Evolutionary studies show that human microbiomes contain bacteria that are genetically descended from species present in African apes hosts over million of years. 48) Lichens are comprised of which of the following? Hundred of bacterial species and multiple fungal species. 49) identify the three main mineral nutrients that are absorbed by the fungal mycelium for the plants. Cooper, Phosphate and Zinc. 50) lichens aid in developing soil by breaking up rock surfaces. 51) Legumes are plants that have an association with particular bacteria that can fix which of the following gases? Nitrogen 52) the mycorrhizae that coat the roots of many plants are called ectomycorrhizae 53) Approximately what percent of terrestrial plants form mycorrhizae? 80% 54) Which of the following statements about lichens is true? Lichen are involved with soil building The lichen nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria increase soil fertility. Lichens produce acids that break-up rocks. 55) the mycorrhizae that are found within root tissue are called endomycorrhizae 56) Which of the following trees have ectomycorrhizae coating their tree root surfaces? Beech, Spruce 57) Wood-eating insects, such as termites need gut bacteria to digest plant biomass. 58) Endomycorrhizae often form highly branched, bushy structures called arbuscules. 59) the two main types of mycorrhizae are endomycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae 60) Ectomycorrhizae would be expected in which of the following ecosystems? Temperate forests 61) Which statement is true regarding the human microbiome? Bacteria help maintain human health. 62) Sterols are produced by cyanobacteria in the gut of tunicates, aiding in production of defensive molecules. 63) Which of the following are roles of human skin bacteria? Break down dead skin cells, Prevent infections.

64) the human microbiome makes up approximately how much of a human’s weight? 1-3% 65) B,longum in the gut of human infants has which effect on the PH of their guts? It decreases the PH 66) Approximately how many bacterial genera are found on human skin? 240 67) In microbiome engineering, improvement of the host microbiome characteristics is sought. 68) Sterols are produced by cyanobacteria in the gut of tunicates, aiding in production of defensive molecules. 69) Which of the following plants have endomycorrhizae? Peach trees, Grasses, Strawberries. 70) B.longum can metabolize human milk polysaccharides into which of the following? Short fatty acids. 71) Manipulating the composition of a microbiome to improve host characteristics is called ______. Microbiome engineering. 72) In order to introduce the gut microbiome of a healthy animal host into the gut of an unhealthy host, doctors sometimes perform fecal transplants. 73) Which of the following bacteria have been used to treat vaginal conditions in humans? Lactobacillus 74) Engineered gut bacteria in bees will produce dsRNA that leads to the production of anti- viral and antimite compounds to improve bee health. 75) the treatment that involves the introduction of a single microbial strain or a few strains into the microbiome of a host is referred as probiotic treatment. 76) genetically engineered bacteria can be reintroduced to the bee microbiome to confer resistance to viral infections. 77)

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