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Widener University *

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105

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Chemistry

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Dec 6, 2023

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docx

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4

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CHEM 105 Measurements, Units, Significant Figures, Scientific Notation Measurements: observations that provide numerical information about a subject or topic Contain a number and a unit Have a degree of uncertainty Always estimate measurements to 1 place beyond marks on a device Use significant figures to indicate correct degree of certainty 1. Use each of the rulers below to measure the line. Answer:___________________________ Answer:___________________________ Significant Figures: all of the numbers in a measurement including the estimated place 1. Number of sig figs is independent of the decimal point 2. All nonzero digits are significant 3. Leading zeros are not significant 4. Captive zeros are significant 5. Trailing zeros are significant Sig Figs in calculations: least sig figs or decimal places determines answer Multiplication and division: The final calculated answer should have the same number of sig figs as the measurement with the fewest sig figs 0.32 cm x 8.02 cm x 1.210 cm = 3.105344 cc answer: 3.1 cc 2 sf 3 sf 4 sf 7 sf 2 sf Addition and subtraction – consider digits – indication of precision The final calculated answer should have the same number of digits to the right of the decimal point as the measurement with the least number of digits to the right of the decimal point. 5876.07 g 2 digits to the right + 1.3045 g 4 digits to the right 5877.3745 g 4 digits to the right answer: 5877.37 g 2 digits to the right Rules for rounding: applies to digit to right of sig fig digit 1. If 4 or less, drop it and all digits that follow 2. If 5 or greater, increase last significant digit by 1 and drop the rest 2. Perform the following mathematical operations and report your answer in correct significant figures. Assume all numbers are measurements. a. 5.987 x 0.24 = ___________________________________________ b. 5.987 + 0.24 = ___________________________________________ c. 27.8 + 0.205 = ___________________________________________ d. 5.505 x 0.0066550 = ______________________________________
CHEM 105 Measurements, Units, Significant Figures, Scientific Notation e. (2.075)(0.585) = __________________________________________ (8.42)(0.0045) f. 25.0 = __________________________________________________ 5.00 Scientific (exponential) notation: expressing numbers as a small number multiplied by a power of 10 Rules for expressing numbers in scientific notation 1. Move the decimal point so that there is only 1 nonzero digit to the left (will be a number between 1 and 10) 1670352 1.670352 2. The number of places you moved the decimal point is the exponent (or power) to which you raise 10. 1670352 = 1.670352 x 10 6 moved 6 places 3. If you moved decimal point to the left, exponent is positive (starting number was greater than 1) 4. If you moved the decimal point to the right, exponent is negative (starting number was less than 1) 3. Write the following measurements in scientific notation: a. 350. g _________________________________________ b. 0.000160 L ____________________________________ c. 5,220,001 m ___________________________________ d. 0.0000008 g ___________________________________ e. 8931.5 s ______________________________________ f. 28,000.0 cm ___________________________________ 4. Change the following measurements to regular format and indicate the number of significant figures: a. 6.75 x 10 -5 g_____________________________________________ b. 9.904 x 10 6 dL ___________________________________________ c. 4.4420 x 10 3 mL __________________________________________ d. 7.295 x 10 -2 mm___________________________________________ e. 3 x 10 -7 L ________________________________________________ f. 2.85 x 10 2 mg ____________________________________________
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