Abbreviated Report Week 1

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Georgia Institute Of Technology *

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1211K

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Chemistry

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Apr 3, 2024

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docx

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Precision, Accuracy, and Precipitation Reactions 29 March 2024 CHEM 1211K Laboratory Data and Results Unknown letter: A Unknown + sodium sulfate Unknown + lead(II) nitrate Clear after unknown added and no precipitate formed Clear after unknown added and no precipitate formed Unknown + sodium hydroxide Unknown + sodium chloride Turned light blue in color when unknown added and precipitate formed Clear after unknown added and no precipitate formed Unknown + barium nitrate       Clear after unknown added and no precipitate formed     Identity of unknown solute: Copper(II) Nitrate Table 1. Determination of the identity of an unknown solution of an ionic salt via precipitation reactions. Masses of water delivered (g) Instrument Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean St. dev. Serological pipet 10.144 9.76 10.118 10.007 0.215 Volumetric pipet 10.147 10.185 10.275 10.202 0.066 Graduated cylinder 9.566 10.118 9.83 9.838 0.276 Most accurate: Serological Pipet Most precise: Volumetric Pipet Table 2. Determination of precision and accuracy of laboratory glassware designed to deliver 10 mL of liquid.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 f(x) = 0.11 x + 33.18 R² = 0.95 Time (s) Temperature (°C) Figure 1. Graph depicting the heating of 50mL of water over 600 seconds.
Discussion Experiment A involved determining the chemical formula of an unknown salt solution, my group chose Unknown A, by creating precipitates with other know solutions. Through the mixing of Unknown A with various solutions and the formation of a precipitate, I have found Unknown A to be the compound copper(II) nitrate. It was observed that sodium hydroxide formed a precipitate with Unknown A and was the only known solution to do so. Cu ¿ When given the possible cations of Cu 2+ , Ba 2+ , Ag + , or Na + along with the possible anions of Cl , NO 3 , or SO 4 2– ; a total of 12 different salt solutions can be made. Using solubility rules however helps narrow down the selection to just a single salt solution. Any salt solutions containing sodium were eliminated because salts of group 1 cations are soluble and would therefore not create a precipitate with sodium hydroxide. Salt solutions containing silver could be ruled out since a sulfate becomes insoluble when combined with silver, thus a precipitate would have been observed when mixing Unknown A with sodium sulfate which was not the case. The same explanation can be made with the use of barium as well, leaving only the copper salt solutions. Copper(II) chloride would have formed a precipitate with lead(II) nitrate and copper(II) sulfate would have formed a precipitate with barium nitrate, both of which were not observed in actual testing. Simple process of elimination leads to the only possible salt solution of copper(II) nitrate to be the Unknown A solution in Table 1. Table 2 gives data on experiment 2 where we were tasked to measure out 10 mL of water with three different pieces of glassware. The glassware used was a graduated cylinder, a volumetric pipet, and a serological pipet in order to test their accuracy and precision. After collecting our data we observed that the accuracy of the glassware from most accurate being the serological pipet, then the graduated cylinder, and the least accurate being the volumetric pipet. The order of accuracy was determined by the percent error, which shows how close each tool actually got to the 10 mL of water. Percent error can be calculated using the formula: PE = x meas x true x true × 100 Calculations provide the serological pipet had a 1.18 percent error in trial 3, the graduated cylinder had a 1.18 percent error in trial 2, and the volumetric pipet had a 1.47 percent error in trial 1. Although the serological pipet and the graduated cylinder have equal percent errors, the next closest in accuracy was the serological pipet with a percent error of 1.47 in trial 1, while the graduated cylinder only had a percent error of 1.70 in trial 3 making the serological pipet more accurate. However when it comes to precision, the volumetric pipet was the most precise, then the serological pipet, and the least precise was the graduated cylinder. Precision shows how consistent the glassware
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