Research Study on the Interaction Among Platelets and Lymphocyte Function in Patients with Liver Disease

Describe the clinical presentation (signs and symptoms) of viral hepatitis. List the different underlying causes of this condition.

The other kind of test is called the Hepatitis C RNA Qualitative test. This test determines if the virus is currently present in your body. This is the test that is used most often to detect the virus. A positive test result indicates that you have Hepatitis C. A negative result will indicate that the virus is undetected. This could mean that even though your body may have been exposed to the virus it was able to fight the disease

The body views the platelets as a foreign body and causes a response that produces antibodies that marks the spleen to destroy and remove the platelets. The platelet count is affected by antibodies produced by individuals with ITP. The antibody produced covers the surface of the platelets making them easily destructible by macrophages. Once the macrophages destroy the platelets faster than they are produced, the number of platelets are greatly reduced causing a decrease in blood clotting.

Sampling: Under complete aseptic conditions, 8 ml of venous blood were collected .Each blood sample was divided and divided as follows: Tube A :4 ml were collected in plain tube, left to clot at 37ºC ,then centrifuged ,clear sera were separated and divided into 3 aliquots; the first one was used to determine liver function tests(total &direct bilirubin, AST, ALT, GGT,ALP, total protein and albumin) by using AU640 autoanalyzer. The second was used for measurement of alpha feto- protein by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using Human AFP ELISA kits supplied by Glory Science(Immunospec Corporation, 7018 Owensmouth Ave. Suite 103 Canoga Park, CA, 91303) and the third one used for detection of hepatitis markers antibodies (HBsAg, and HCV antibody) by direct sandwich assay using the ELISA Kit supplied by Adltis, Germany. The specimens were kept frozen at -20 ˚C until the time of assay, Tube B: 2 ml were collected in a sterile sodium citrate vacutainer tubes for immediate assay of prothrombin time, concentration and INR and Tube C: 2ml were collected in sterile vacutainer tubes containing EDTA for DNA extraction.

This chronic myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) is associated with mass quantity of platelets that are put out by megakaryocytes

Another diagnostic process for HBV is liver biopsy, which is used to determine the extent of the liver damage. For the liver biopsy process, the physician will insert a thin needle through the skin and into the liver and remove a tissue sample for laboratory analysis. Additional blood tests will be taken after the initial blood test detects HCV. The additional blood tests include: measuring the quantity of the HCV in blood and identify the genotypes of the virus. Usually, doctors will use one of the following tests to assess the liver damage caused by HCV: magnetic resonance electrography (MRE), transient electrography, and liver biopsy.

The majority of children with NAFLD are asymptomatic. Occasionally patients may complain of vague abdominal pain, fatigue, or malaise, however, liver disease is usually found incidentally on physical exam or routine lab work1. Children may have mild to moderate hepatomegaly; however, the majority of these children are overweight or obese, making liver palpation a challenge. In addition to obesity and visceral adiposity, children with NAFLD often present with acanthosis nigricans on the back of their neck or intertrigenous areas, which is suggestive of insulin

Markers of HCV infection are found in 80 to 90% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan, 44 to 66% in Italy, and 30 to 50% in the United States (El-Serag and Rudolph,2007). It has been projected that cases of HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma will continue to increase over the next two to three decades (El-Serag

The mRNA concentration was quantified using a NanoDrop Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, USA). The cDNA was synthesized with 1 µg of total RNA using the Revert Aid H Minus First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Fermentas) and subjected to PCR amplification in a final volume of 25 µl. Primer set, annealing temperature, number of cycles, and PCR product length are shown in Table 1. The PCR products were electrophoresed on 1.2% agarose gel, and the bands were visualized on a UV transilluminator (Uvidoc, UK).

Compared to the general population HCV patients have higher morbidity and mortality rates (Neal et

Flow cytometry analyses were used to monocytes characterization and confirmation through evaluating the expression of monocytes-macrophages surface markers (BD FACSCaliburTM Flow Cytometer, USA). The surface marker which used for monocytes characterization was CD14 phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated human monoclonal antibody (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA). For all experiments, an unstained group as a control was considered. Data from 10-20,000 gating monocytes population in the FSC/SSC window was obtained. Data analyses were used through CellQuest Pro software version 5.1 (Tree Star; BD Biosciences).

     The next tests that would be performed is known as a Qualitative HCV Test. This is also a blood test. This test checks for Polymerase Chain Reactions, which is a specific way of looking for Hepatitis C Viral RNA. This tests shows whether, or not you actually have HCV infecting your system. If you do in fact, have HCV present in your body, it is necessary to properly identify the type.

The symptoms start appearing after two to five weeks of infection. The main symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, low fever, rashes, loss of appetite and yellowing of skin (jaundice), abdominal pain. Diarrhea occurs in case of children. No specific treatment is there. Patients need adequate rest and proper nutrition. If skin becomes yellow then the patient needs a blood test or a liver panel test. If a person vomits for a long period amount of time, they get dehydrated; then, only then, hospitalization is needed. Patients should drink a plenty amount of water, or fluids. He or she should take food, which does not cause any harm to the liver. Patients should avoid tea, coffee or any alcoholic beverages, which causes harm to liver. He or she takes adequate rest. He should not take any medicine which causes harm to liver. If patient is confused about taking medicine then he or she should consult a doctor. Techniques for growing HAV in cell culture have made it possible to generate sufficient amounts of virus for vaccine production. Several inactivated or live attenuated vaccines against hepatitis A have been developed, but only four inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are currently available internationally. All four vaccines are similar in terms of efficacy and side-effect profile. The vaccines are given parenterally, as a two-dose series, 6-18 months apart. The dose of vaccine,

The excellent marker for the resolution of HCV infection is sustained virological response (SVR), defined as undetectable HCV RNA in blood 24 weeks after finishing the treatment (Desmond et al., 2006). SVR is accompanied by reduction in hepatic inflammation and regression of fibrosis in patients without cirrhosis; but in patients with cirrhosis remain at risk of life-threatening complications as hepatic failure and portal hypertension (Younossi et al., 2007). The risk of HCC is reduced but not eliminated in patients who achieve SVR, and therefore screening for HCC must continue (Bruno et al., 2007).

Hepatitis A virus, HAV is a nonenveloped, RNA virus. The virus is resistant to bile lysis due to lack of a lipid envelope. The virus is resistant to freezing, detergents, and acids. It is inactivated by formalin and chlorine. The virus survives on human hands and fomites and requires temperatures higher than 185°F (85°C) for inactivation. HAV survives for extended periods in seawater, fresh water, wastewater, and soil. The virus is transmitted by close contact with an infected person or by contact with contaminated food or water products.”