Separation of Ferrocene and Acetylferrocene by Chromatography

These layers can be separated through the use of a seperatory funnel which drains the bottom layer into a separate container. This method uses the understanding of partition ratios of solutes to different paired solvents to produce an equilibrium leaning towards one solvent over another, thereby extracting a compound from one liquid to the other (Padias 128-37). For example, consider a mixture containing two solutes, solute A and solute B, and two immiscible solvents, solvent A and solvent B. If solute A dissolves well into solvent A, but not very well into solvent B, and solute B dissolves well into solvent B but not very well into solvent A, there would be a higher ratio of solute A in solvent A than in solvent B, and a higher ratio of solute B into solvent B than in solvent A. One can then see that, through the use of different solvents, two dissolved solutes can be separated from a mixture. This ratio of a solute concentration to different solvents is defined by K, the distribution constant. Successive filtrations yield’s a higher percentage of products.

6. The solubility of the solids were tested using a micro tray, by placing them in water and oil to observe their polarity,

In Table 1, fluorene travels further up the TLC plate versus fluorenone since a more nonpolar 80:20 pentane-ether developing solvent is used. Since fluorine is more nonpolar than 9-fluorenone, it will be more soluble in the highly nonpolar solvent and enter the mobile phase easier than the polar 9-fluorenone. Fraction 2 is expected to have two different spots because this is the collection of the eluted solution between Fraction 1 and Fraction 3, where the fraction contains both the remaining fluorene and 9-fluorenone. Fraction 1, however, should not contain any 9-fluorenone since if correctly performed only fluorene and pentane should have eluted out in the mobile phase. A crack in the column during the elution of Fraction caused one section

The three compounds that were separated was anisole, benzoic acid, and o-toluidine. Benzoic acid is more polar than anisole and o-toluidine which causes it to travel the TLC plate the least because the silica gel is polar. Anisole is nonpolar which causes it to travel up the TLC plate. The amount the compounds travel can help determine Rf values in order to find which eluent is suitable. 70% hexane and 30% ethyl acetate showed that it was a suitable eluent because the three mixtures match up their compounds on the TLC plate and Rf values.

Discussion: The focus of the first part of the experiment is extraction. By using liquid-liquid extraction, the acid, base and neutral component of an unknown compound should be isolatable. The unknown compound was in a 1:1:1 ratio of acid, base and neutral components. By dissolving it in 20mL of ethyl acetate, then adding it to a separatory funnel with 20mL of HCl, the HCl would be expected to react with the unknown base in the separatory funnel.

Part C: This part just allowed us to see the effects of using an entirely polar or entirely non-polar mobile phase and measure its effectiveness. It's obvious from just glancing at the plates that there is much less obvious separation in these two mixtures and either the solvent was too polar and almost all of the compounds reached the top (ethyl acetate) or it wasn't

It can give the polarity of that solution, reactivity of the solution, the phase of the reaction of the solution and the hydrophobicity of the solution. With this, one can determine the type of bonds in a solution relative to the other solutions as well as relative to the developer. There are three steps to the process of Thin Layer Chromatography; spotting, development (mobile phase), and visualization. During the spotting process solution(s) is/are dabbed with a capillary tube on the origin line of the TLC sheet to the required amount to give a starting point. TLC sheets have a polar silica gel on them which will react with the dabbed solution(s). The more polar the solution the more it will react with the polar silica gel. Once placed in the developer tank the mobile phase begins, as the somewhat polar developer (less polar than the silica gel) will move up the the TLC sheet through capillary action. The amino acids that are more hydrophobic will move along with the developer upward and away from the silica gel whereas the more hydrophilic amino acids will be more attracted to the polar silica and will move less than hydrophobic amino acids which are more attracted to the mobile phase caused by the developer. The solvent front is determined when the developer has almost reached to top of the TLC sheet. It is important to avoid it reaching to top, because it can cause a skew in data if allowed. The amino acids that are first to reach the top will sit at the top while the other less hydrophobic amino acids will get closer causing a skewed perspective in polarities between the amino acids at the top and the rest. After this the TLC sheet is removed, the solvent front is drawn, and the sheet now needs to dry. The next step in the development phase is helpful when identifying differences in amino acids. The TLC sheet is sprayed with ninhydrin which catabolizes the amino acids, then

Pankti Gandhi 9/26/14 Separation of Liquids by Simple Distillation and Analysis by Gas Chromatography Methods/Background: The purpose of this experiment was to separate two volatile components from a mixture due to the different chemical properties of each compound. The mixture used in this experiment was ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butyl acetate (BuOAc). The mixture containing two liquids will be separated by a separation procedure known as distillation. This method relies on each compound having a distinct and separate boiling point.

We were able to meet the overall objectives of this lab. We were able to separate two liquids, four solids, and one substance. We are classifying this simply as substance #1 because while it was originally a liquid when we filtered it it got absorbed into the filter paper. What we do know is that it

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) consists of a TLC plate (stationary phase) that is partially immersed in a solution (mobile phase) to separate compounds on it, based on polarity. When an unknown compound, with distinct polar components, is placed on the TLC plate, the components with low polarity will have traveled the farthest from the start line it was set on. A compound with low polarity also has a large Rf value () on a TLC plate. The Rf value is a ratio that depicts how much a compound interacted with the TLC plate. However, the compounds from experiment 5 were separated with an adsorption chromatography column.

Chromatography works on the basis that different molecules have different polarities. By allowing molecules to travel through a polar surface, it is not surprising that molecules will different polarities will travel a different amount. The substance, or stationary phase, that the molecules will be traveling through in this experiment was water. The water was bonded to the paper via hydrogen bonding, so it appears as if the paper acts as the stationary phase^3.

We are testing for the presence of lipids, the amount and how polar they are. The bigger the dot, the higher the concentration and the farther the dot the more nonpolar it is. A positive test for lipid chromatography appears to have phospholipids, fatty acids and triglycerides in that order on the powdered strip while a negative test appears to not have those three in that order or even have all those three show up. We tested chromatography solvent and placed it on the silica gel strip. Our hypothesis was that the nonpolar molecules in the solvent would move up farther from the solvent causing the Triglycerides to be at the top of the paper but the polar molecules would move slower causing the phospholipids to stay at the bottom of the paper.

A liquid-liquid extraction is used when separating two different liquids that are immiscible. Often the two different liquids will be soluble in water and a solution that is organic. These two types of liquids will create two distinct layers of isolated solution. This is caused because one of the liquids will dissolve into the water and the other liquid will dissolve into the organic solution and since water is a polar molecule and the organic solution is a non-polar molecule the two layers will not mix at all. Therefore, creating two distinct layers that can then successfully be separated. In this experiment, the top layer of solution in the separatory funnel consists of the ether solution layer containing the unknown neutral compound and

Liquid scintillation counters (LSCs) involve adding scintillation solution to a purified strontium sample in an LSC vial (Randolph, 1975). There are different methods that can be used to prepare samples for LSC counting and samples need to be concentrated, as well as decontaminated. Certain times during the chemical separation must be taken to calculate the final activities of each radioisotope and samples must be dark adapted to prevent counting errors from luminescence. Strontium and yttrium carriers, standard solutions with known concentrations of non-active strontium or yttrium, are added to the samples for the determination of the final recovery (Randolph, 1975).

Based on the functional group observing the molecule, it can be determined either the molecule is neutral, acid or base. pH of the mobile phase can be selected based on the nature of the compound. Acidic mobile phases are preferable if the compound is acidic. Low pH and basic mobile phases are preferable if the compound is basic. Neutral mobile phase is suitable for neutral compounds. The compound elution is based on its polarity. If the compounds have more hydrophobic nature, the longer time it is retained. If the compounds have ionic nature, it becomes less hydrophobic in nature and hence, its retention decreases. If the compounds have very hydrophobic compounds, under reversed phase conditions it is strongly retained and may require the use of non-aqueous