Assume the following for a cell: Vm = +60 mV [Na+]out 100 mM [Na+]in = 1 mM [K+]out = 1 mM [K+]in = 100 mM Both Na+ and K+ are permeable. Ignore the possibility of the other ions. = a) Calculate the ratio: PNa+/PK+ b) Can you deduce anything about the individual values of PNa+ or PK+
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- A sample of a protein is analyzed by CE using a neutral-coated capillary with a total length of 25.0 cm and a distance to the detector of 22.0 cm. Using an applied voltage of 20.0 kV, the protein was detected at a migration time of 16.2 min. The diffusion coefficient for the protein is 2.4 x 10-7 cm?/s. (a) Calculate the apparent electrophoretic mobility of the protein. (b) Calculate the expected number of theoretical plates for the analysis.In 1925, E. Gorter and F. Grendel used an apparatus like that described in Problem 1 to determine the surface area of a lipid monolayer formed bylipids extracted from erythrocytes of several animal species. They used a microscope to measure the dimensions of individual cells, from which they calculated the average surface area of one erythrocyte. They obtained the data shown in the table below. Were these investigators justified in concluding that “chromocytes [erythrocytes] are covered by a layer of fatty substances that is two molecules thick” (i.e., a lipid bilayer)?Two co-op students at your start-up company have been asked to evaluate the rate of reaction occurring in a transparent gel particle containing immobilized mouse melanoma cells. The equation for the reaction rate ris is: Vmax T'As Km+CAs where R=3.2 mm, Vmax= 0.12 gmol s' m3, CAS = 41 gmol m3, and Km=0.8 gmol m3. One student reports a reaction rate of 1.6x10 gmol st; the other reports 1.6x10 1º gmol s1. You left your calculator on the bus this morning, but must know quickly which student is correct. Use an order-of- magnitude calculation to identify the right answer. Which student is correct?
- One form of anemia results when individuals have a deficiency in the enzyme phosphatidylinositol glycan A (PIGA). This enzyme is required for the membrane attachment of proteins anchored by glycolipids to the plasma membrane, using what is called a ‘GPI-linkage.’ Included in the group of GPI-linked cell surface proteins is DAF/CD55. These individuals become anemic because: DAF/CD55 prevents the lysis of red blood cells by infecting pathogens. DAF/CD55 normally prevents the spleen from clearing healthy red blood cells from the circulation. In the absence of PIGA, the red blood cell membrane is bare of proteins allowing increased access of complement activating proteins to attach to the cell membrane. DAF/CD55 is a complement inhibitory protein that inactivates any C3 convertase that may form on host cell surfaces. In the absence of PIGA, red blood cells are unable to synthesize high levels of hemoglobin.5) Suppose that initially there are 100 Nat and 25 K+ ions inside the cell, near the sodium-potassium pump. a. Use the expressions for N and K to determine how many ions of each kind are inside the cell in the region near the pump after 10, 30, and 40 cycles. Show your work. 7) Write an equation for Nas a function of K, that is, N is the dependent variable and K is the independent variable. Use the values for the initial number of Na and K ions given in problem 5. Interpret the slope of the equationThe contraction of cardiac muscle cells results from the increase in Ca?+ levels in the cytosol. For these cells to relax, an antiport removes Ca?+ from the cytosol for every Nat that is taken in. Digitalis is a drug that is used to make the heart contract more strongly. This drug partially inhibits the Na*-K* ATPase in the cardiac cells. Applying the concepts from membrane transport, answer the following: a. Propose an explanation for the drug's effect. b. What will likely happen if too much of the drug is taken in? Why do you say so?
- Very briefly, explain how increased cytoplasmic IP3 levels can then increase cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) levels.If you wanted to test the effect of a 1:500 dilution (500-fold) of coffee on PtK2 cells, how much of a 1:100 working stock of coffee would you add to 6mls in an experimental flask? Would this be a good volume to add? Why or why not?Here is a chloride cell in the gill epithelium of a fish. For reference, NKA = Na+/K+ ATPaseNKCC = Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter. Given that the chloride cells of salt water fish have the NKCC transporter on the basal (bottom) side of the epithelium, what do you predict regarding the NKCC transporter in chloride cells of freshwater fish? A. The transporter must move chloride in the opposite direction, also from the bottom side of the cell. B. The NKCC transporter, as localized in salt water fish, could also work in freshwater fish. C. The transporter must move chloride in the opposite direction, but from the apical (top) side of the cell. D. A transporter is not needed to move Cl- ions into cells from fresh water.
- Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane-conductance regulator) gene, which encodes the CFTR protein. The cells of the lining of the lungs contain high levels of the CFTR protein in their membranes. Normally, CFTR contains a chloride ion channel, which permits chloride ions to pass from inside the cells to the cells’ surfaces. The surface chloride ions are able to attract water in the lungs, allowing for the formation of a water layer on the cells’ surfaces. This thin water layer is necessary to allow the cilia, the tiny hairs on the surface of the lining cells to move back and forth easily. This motion permits the removal of mucus from the lungs. A particular error in the CFTR gene results in the replacement of the amino acid Phe with Ser at residue 508 of the CFTR protein. Individuals afflicted with CF most often experience the presence of thick, dry and sticky mucus in the lungs, leading to chronic infections and…(e) Two ADP agonists (drugs) were also found to bind to platelets: 2-methylthio-ADP bound with a Kp of 7 µM and 2-(3-aminopropylthio)-ADP bound with a Kp of 200 µM. Can these drugs effectively compete with ADP for binding to platelets? Explain your answer.If 17 Beta estradiol can diffuse through cell membranes, explain why all cell types are not sensitive to the presence of 17 beta estradiol?