From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Each the flu vaccine includes antigens from two strains of Influenza A and two strains of InfluenzaſB. These antigens are from the head of the H spikes - an area that sticks out from the virus and so, is very easy for human immune cells to detect. However, the problem with using the head of the H spike as an antigen is... year, O The H spike head mutates very rapidly, so quickly changes to forms not recognized by human immune cetls. O The H spike head is exposed on the surface of the virus for only a short period of time. Viruses quickly pull the H spikes back inside the virus, shielding them from human immune cells. O The H spike head is often too big for the human immune cells to attack. The H spike head is often too small for the human immune cells to bind to.

From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Each the flu vaccine includes antigens from two strains of Influenza A and two strains of InfluenzaſB. These antigens are from the head of the H spikes - an area that sticks out from the virus and so, is very easy for human immune cells to detect. However, the problem with using the head of the H spike as an antigen is... year, O The H spike head mutates very rapidly, so quickly changes to forms not recognized by human immune cetls. O The H spike head is exposed on the surface of the virus for only a short period of time. Viruses quickly pull the H spikes back inside the virus, shielding them from human immune cells. O The H spike head is often too big for the human immune cells to attack. The H spike head is often too small for the human immune cells to bind to.

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter17: Genes And The Immune System

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 10QP: The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection Researchers have been having a...

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Several cell culture lines of epithelial cells, called “Cell Line A, B, or C,” are incubated with 104 infectious particles of influenza virus, and viral titers in the culture media are measured 2 days later. Looking at the results of this experiment, it is apparent that the three lines do not all show the same response to the virus. To investigate these differences, mixing experiments are performed, where cells from two different cell lines are mixed together at a 1:1 ratio before the Influenza infection. Based on the results shown in the figure below, propose an explanation for these data.
Borrelia hermsii is a spirochete bacterium, transmitted by tick bites, that causes an illness characterized by a relapsing fever. The bacteria enter the host bloodstream and replicate there. Studies in mice show that episodes of bacteremia (bacteria in the blood) are efficiently controlled by anti-bacterial antibodies, but interestingly, follicular B cells are not required for this response, nor is the response impaired by splenectomizing the mice (i.e., removing the spleen). Which B cells are most likely responsible for this antibody response?
The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection In cystic fibrosis gene therapy, scientists propose the use of viral vectors to deliver normal genes to cells in the lungs. What immunological risks are involved in this procedure?
The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection Researchers have been having a difficult time developing a vaccine against a certain pathogenic virus as a result of the lack of a weakened strain. They turn to you because of your wide knowledge of recombinant DNA technology and the immune system. How could you vaccinate someone against the virus, using a cloned gene from the virus that encodes a cell-surface protein?
To understand the genes responsible for growth and infectivity in a disease-causing bacterial strain, you perform chemical mutagenesis on a culture of these bacteria. In the course of your investigation into the properties of the resulting mutants, you identify a set of mutant bacteria that is still viable but their virulence is significantly impaired. How might these mutants be useful for vaccine development?
a) What is “washing” in immunology? What types of interactions doeswashing interfere with? What molecules are used for effective“washing” in the immunology lab?b) Blocking is also a common feature of immunological assays. Why isblocking required?i. A student forgot to block their Western blot membrane beforeadding the secondary antibody. They continue and block themembrane after the secondary antibody step, assuming itdoesn’t matter which order the steps are completed in. Howwould this affect the results seen?ii. A student blocked their ELISA plate with 50 microlitres ofblocking buffer, although their coating, binding and detectionsteps were at 100 microlitres. How would this affect the resultsseen?
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing a mouse with a particular antigen, then removing its spleen. Individual B cells producing mouse antibodies specific for the antigen are isolated from the spleen, then fused with cancer cells. Each of the resulting hybrid cells can be cloned, which means it can be cultured indefinitely in the laboratory. The resulting cell lines produce and secrete antibodies that recognize the antigen to which the mouse was immunized. These antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies. Some monoclonal antibodies are used for passive immunization. They are effective, but only in the immediate term. Antibodies that are produced by one’s own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream, but those delivered in passive immunization often last for less than a week. Why the difference?
Regarding the production of monoclonal antibodies, it is CORRECT to state that: * A) Hybridomas are cells generated from the fusion of myeloma cells and cells from animals challenged with the antigen of interest that have the ability to produce antibodies and limited cell proliferation. B) All hybrid cells generated from the fusion of cells from the challenged animal and cells of the myeloma lineage will have the ability to produce antibodies reactive against the antigen of interest. C) The HAT selection medium contains aminopterin, which is an efficient inhibitor of the thymidine kinase metabolic pathway, thus eliminating myeloma cells that are not fused or fused with other cells of the same kind. D) The HAT selection medium contains hypoxanthine, which is an efficient inhibitor of the nucleotide synthesis salvage pathway, thus eliminating cells from the challenged animal that are not fused or fused with other identical cells. E) Hybridomas will produce antibodies with the…
Despite our advancement in Science and Technology, thanks to the invention of the early scientists Robert Hooke and Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek that paved the way to the discovery of cells and the cure of many diseases, why is it that there are still many who are hesitant to have themselves immunized by COVID-19 vaccines? Please answer with 500 words
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Please help me answer all parts of this question: (A)What strategy/type of vaccine would you pursue with the hopes of developing a vaccine to a new pandemic Coronavirus, attenuated virus vaccine or an inactivated virus vaccine? Compare how the two are produced, the limitations or advantages, and justify why you have picked one over the other. (B) Now, compare the above vaccines to mRNA vaccines. How are mRNA vaccines delivered? Are they better than the vaccines from part (A)?
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