Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): structure, characteristics, isoforms and their diagnostic significance.
Q: Draw the structure of a triacylglycerol containing stearic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid.
A: Animal fat and vegetable oil fall into the category of simple fats or triglycerides. Triglycerides…
Q: Below is the skeletal formula of a molecule typically found in cell membranes. What type of molecule…
A: The biological membrane that surrounds a living cell is called the cell membrane. The structure of…
Q: Given the following enzyme-catalyzed reaction, identify the class and subclass of the enzyme…
A: Amino acids are biomolecules that have an amino group, a carboxyl group and a side group that is…
Q: 6. Explain in detail the steps by which a modified fatty acid containing a "click chemistry" tag can…
A: Click chemistry is a set of highly exergonic and specific reactions that enables us to identify and…
Q: *The enzyme glucose oxidase isolated from the mold Penicillium notatum catalyzes the oxidation of…
A: Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. They can be classified as monosaccharides,…
Q: Please explain why hydrolysis of ATP can release much energy by describing how the products of ATP…
A: ATP hydrolysis is the catabolic reaction process in which chemical energy that is stored in the…
Q: When the movement of lipids in biological membranes was measured, it was observed that: A) Saturated…
A: The cell membrane is constituted of a phospholipid bilayer. According to the fluid mosaic model, the…
Q: Which amino acids are exclusively ketogenic? lysine leucine tyrosine isoleucine arginine
A: Proteins are composed of amino acids, which are bound together by peptide linkage. Amino acids…
Q: Which statement is false for transition-state analog enzyme inhibitors? They fit the active site…
A: Transition state analogues are used as enzyme inhibitors. They bind competitively to the active site…
Q: Translate the first 10 amino acids into RNA code Explain where this process occurs in the cell…
A: Transcription is the process by which a RNA strand is synthesized complimentary to a DNA template.…
Q: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) is the target of ACE inhibitors such as captopril that are used…
A: Peptides are composed of twenty standard amino acids. These twenty standard amino acids differ from…
Q: Which nutrient has the highest thermic effect? O Glycogen Fat O Protein Carbohydrate
A: The rise in energy consumption brought on by consuming is known as the thermic effect of food (TEF).…
Q: Component 1 PCR buffer 2 MgCl2 3 dNTP mix 4 SSR forward primer 5 SSR reverse primer 6 Taq polymerase…
A: PCR is also known as a polymerase chain reaction which is generally used to amplify the template DNA…
Q: Which of the following amino acids is generally absent from an a-helix? tryptophan serine isoleucine…
A: The alpha helix is secondary structure of protein in which the amino acid chain is arranged in a…
Q: 3. From a cell's point-of-view, which one or more of the following is/are the most effective (and…
A: The chemical equilibrium in a chemical reaction is reached when both the concentration of reactants…
Q: Which of the following is not a catabolic fate for pyruvate formed in glycolysis? fermentation to…
A: Pyruvate is the end-product of glycolysis. It is ultimately transported into the mitochondria and…
Q: At pH 3, the R-group of histidine is_______ and O protonated; neutral O protonated; positively…
A: Histidine (His or H) is an essential amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains…
Q: Which of the following contains the largest number of r groups? Which contains sulfur? Please…
A: Amino acids are basic subunits of proteins/peptides. The alpha carbon of amino acids contains amine…
Q: Isozymes: d) One way of regulating metabolic pathways is through isozymes. What is an isozyme? e)…
A: Introduction: Every living system requires various forms of specific enzymes in order to increase…
Q: For protein structure determined using X-ray diffraction with the 1.1-Angstrom resolution, the…
A: In X-ray crystallography, the three-dimensional structure is determined by analysing the diffraction…
Q: Which coenzyme is NOT paired with its correct dietary precursor? thiamine → thiamine pyrophosphate…
A: Coenzymes are important in the metabolic pathways as they help enzymes in catalysing the reactions.…
Q: Which mechanisms are used by miRNAs to regulate expression? O Targeted degradation of mRNAs O…
A: Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding endogenous single-stranded RNAs that play an…
Q: Mabelle used the pET vector system to express her prokaryotic amylase enzyme. She added IPTG into…
A: In expression and purification of protein from bacterial system, the following steps are performed:…
Q: There are eight chemical reactions that occur in the citric acid cycle process. The reactions of…
A: In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized during glycolysis and the end product (pyruvate) is…
Q: What term best describes the isomeric relationship between alpha-D- glucopyranose and…
A: Introduction Carbohydrate is one of the biomolecules in our body. It is made up of carbon, hydrogen…
Q: . Explain the assembly of an RNA Pol II basal transcription initiation complex.
A: Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from DNA that is the process of copying the information of a…
Q: In one to ten words answer questions (1) – (8) below. In short phrases answer questions (9) and (10)…
A: The secondary structure of proteins are spatial arrangement of the main chain atoms that make up the…
Q: The following is a block diagram where the building blocks are labeled with letters and the linkages…
A: Introduction Lipids are the organic compounds are nonpolar molecules which are soluble only in…
Q: The TPOX locus is one of the genetic loci used for forensic analysis of DNA. The TPOX locus has the…
A: Forensics DNA profiling can be used to solve old or unsolved crimes and to identify the person…
Q: Phosphorylation is one of the most common mechanisms for regulating the activity of enzymes that…
A: Enzymes constantly switch between activated and deactivated forms, as per the cell's needs. Covalent…
Q: QUESTION 21 The causes of excess ketone bodies in the urine include all of the following EXCEPT…
A: The excess ketone bodies in the urine causes ketonuria also called as ketoaciduria. Ketones are…
Q: What is the net production/usage of ATP and redox cofactors if a glycerol (triaceylglyceride…
A: Glycolysis is the collection of 10 enzymatically catalysed reactions that oxidises a 1 molecule of…
Q: An analysis is performed to determine the proportions of each of the four nucleotide bases in the…
A: The genetic material in the cells of most organisms is DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is…
Q: Briefly describe the role and location of each cofactor/coenzyme involved in the pyruvate…
A: Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is oxidised into…
Q: Match the following experimental methods with their specialty procedures and objectives.…
A: There are experimental methods that are used in biological processes. Autoradiography, the use of…
Q: 5. Anaerobic glycolysis: definition, localisation, biological significance.
A: All living organisms go through cellular respiration, which begins with glycolysis. In the cytoplasm…
Q: There are eight chemical reactions that occur in the citric acid cycle process. The reactions of the…
A: Cellular respiration is the process how biochemical energy is generated from food. It involves the…
Q: 1. The enzyme you are studying uses the substrate pictured at right. An inhibitor box in the freezer…
A: Enzyme inhibition is when a inhibitor bind to the enzyme at the active site or another site, which…
Q: Which of these structures would you expect to find as part of the transmembrane portion of an…
A: All biological membranes share one common feature: they are impermeable to polar molecules and…
Q: What is the hydrodynamic stress of bioreactors when there are cell cultures?
A: Introduction A bioreactor is a vessel or manufactured device which gives biologically active…
Q: No MIC interpretive standards are given for penicillin G against E. coli. Which ONE of the following…
A: Penicillin G is a beta-lactam antibiotic that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections…
Q: Which of the following, found within the interior of cytosolic proteins, is the most dominant…
A: Introduction Protein is the most abundant macromolecule of our body. Protein performs many functions…
Q: The transition state of a reaction is O easily isolated using column chromatography. by definition…
A: The completion of a chemical reaction, from the substrate to the product involves the formation of…
Q: 50. Express each of the following as a per- centage strength: (a) 1:1500 (b) 1:10,000 (c) 1:250 50.…
A: The Percent solutions can be in the form of weight/volume percentage, volume/volume percentage.…
Q: Align two sequences: horizontal - GGAATGG, vertical – ATG, m = 1, mm = 0, g = -1. Use the table…
A: Global Alignment: It is a bioinformatics algorithm used to align protein or nucleotide sequences. A…
Q: 3. Consider the reaction: H3C-(CH₂) H H C—C—C—SCOA HH H3C-(CH₂) a. What kind of reaction is being…
A: The given molecule is a fatty acyl CoA. Fatty acids are highly reduced and provide energy in the…
Q: is it true that aplha and beta are made up of same amino acids but Beta chain is longer than alpha…
A: Hemoglobin (Hb) is a complex protein which is consist of two parts - the heme and the globin. Heme…
Q: 4. An enzyme-substrate complex has a Kg = 100 nM. A competitive inhibitor with which of the…
A: KD (Dissociation constant) is the amount of ligand molecules that is required to fill the binding…
Q: Which of the following is the distinguishing factor of a protein? The backbone of the protein chain…
A: Proteins are macromolecules which is consist of different sequences of amino acids. Proteins are…
Q: The following triacylglycerols (Tag) contain different percentages of unsaturated fatty acids. What…
A: Simple fats or Triglycerides or triacylglycerides are categorized as storage lipids. Triglycerides…
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
- 2. A 4-year-old girl was diagnosed with thiamine deficiency and the symptoms include tachycardia, vomiting, convulsions. Laboratory examinations reveal high levels of pyruvate, lactate and a-ketoglutarate. Explain which coenzyme is formed from vitamin B, and its role in oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. For that: a) describe the structure of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) and the cofactors that it requires; b) discuss the symptoms which are connected with the thiamine deficiency and its effects on PDH and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; c) explain the changes in the levels of mentioned metabolites in the blood; d) name the deseribed discase,10. Glycogen, as the main storage form of glucosc, is an important energy reservoir. Describe the role of glycogen in providing the body with energy. To answer: a) write a scheme for glycogen mobilization, and oxidation of the end product to CO, and H,O; b) mark the reactions associated with ATP synthesis and ATP consumption in the scheme, calculate the oxidation energy yield of I mole of the final product resulting from glycogen breakdown; 1L An unconscious man with sions of alcobol poisonino was taken to the hosnital1.Enumerate the enzymes of the alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and write its mechanism of action
- 21. The product CREON (pancrelipase) contains 3000 units of lipase, 9500 units of protease, and 15,000 units of amylase in delayed-release capsules. The capsules are to be swallowed whole or the contents added uncrushed to food immediately prior to administration. The dose should not exceed 2500 lipase units/kg of body weight. If a child weighing 24 pounds ingests five CREON capsules, has he exceeded the maximum dose?16. Fatty acid synthesis is carried out by fatty acid synthase, a single polypeptide that has multiple activities. The steps for fatty acid synthesis are given below. Number them in the order in which they occur. _The ketobutyryl group is dehydrated. The acetyl group from the acetyl CoA is transferred to the malonyl group on the acyl carrier protein to form a ketobutyryl acyl carrier protein. The acetyl group from the acetyl CoA is reduced by NADPH. _The butenoyl is reduced. The butyrl group is transferred to the site where the initial acetyl group from acetyl-CoA An acetyl group from acetyl-CoA is transferred to the acyl carrier protein. once was. The acyl carrier protein transfers an acetyl group to another site on the fatty acid synthase. Malonyl-CoA is decarboxylated. The acyl carrier protein reacts with malonyl- CoA to pick up its malonyl group.6. In an experiment, students used liver tissuc samples to study the cthanol metabolism and the possibility of ethanol conversion into glucose. The ethanol introduction in the investigated medium didn't lead to glucose level increase. Why is it impossible to convert ethanol to glucose? For the answer: a) provide a scheme of gluconcogenesis, indicate the substrates of this process; b) write the reaction of ethanol oxidation in the liver; c) explain whether it is possible to use the metabolites of ethanol catabolism for the glucose synthesis.
- 11. Write the mechanism of all three enzymatic steps of the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, indicating which steps occur in which enzyme (E1, E2, E3) active sites.1. Select the INCORRECT statement about Glutamate dehydrogenase : a. Catalyzes the removal of NH4+ into glutamate b.Catalyzes the incorporation of NH*4 into a-ketoglutarate c. Catalyzes the removal of NH*4 from glutamate C d. Catalyzes the incorporation of NH'4 into a-keto acid10. The patients with a genetically determined medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency suffer from episodes of profound fatigue associated with vomiting, which is happening if they fasted for more than 8 hours. They have hypoglycemia, clevated level of free fatty acids in the blood but ketone bodies were below normal. Explain the development of these symptoms. For that answer the question and do the following tasks: a) why hypoglycemia occurs in the patients fasting for more than 8 hours? b) why the level of free fatty acids is elevated in blood? Write the scheme explaining this symptom; c) draw the scheme of fatty acid metabolism, which is blocked in case of this genetic disorder.