Now imagine that only the Cu center was replaced by Zn(II). What would you expect to happen to the catalytic activity of this model complex? Briefly explain. A friend suggests that Cl, would be a much better terminal acceptor than O2 to be used in f) respiration because it has a reduction potential of 1.5 V. Do you agree with your friend? Why do you think aerobic organisms don’t use Cl2 in respiration?
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Cytochromes c oxidase: This complex is seen in Mitochondria during the oxidative phosphorylation process.
This transfer of a proton from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane of mitochondria and reduction of electron carrier and reduction of oxygen to water
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- The inhibitor X prevents coenzyme Q (Q) from participating in electron transfer in the electrontransport chain.(a) Will the presence of X prevent electrons from N ADH from passing through the electron trans-port chain? Explain why or why not.(b) Compound Y is a non-physiological reducing agent capable of directly reducing cytochromec1 in Complex III. Would oxygen consumption resume upon the addition of compound Y tomitochondria inhibited by inhibitor X? Be sure to explain your answer.Discuss the role of E286 in the proton transfer carried out by cytochrome c oxidase. What are the D- and K-pathways? What is the fate of the protons from these two pathways? What is the role of E286? What three mechanisms contribute to the movement of the protons along these pathways?Under standard conditions, is the oxidation of ubiquinol (Coenzyme Q) by O2 sufficiently exergonic to drive the synthesis of ATP? If yes, how many ATP can be synthesized assuming 100% efficiency?
- In the beta oxidation of linoleic acid, converting the 3, 5, 8 trienoyl CoA intermediate back to an expected intermediate for a beta oxidation substrate costs the equivalent of how many ATPs? (hint: look at the 'right side' of the figure for addressing problem 3 with linoleic acid)Draw the catalytic mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH). In this reaction, which amino acid acts as a nucleophile? Which compound is oxidized andwhich is reduced? Which product is referred to as a “high-energy compound” and why?Four electron carriers, a, b, c, and d, whose reduced and oxidized formscan be distinguished spectrophotometrically, are required for respirationin a bacterial electron transport system. In the presence of substrates andoxygen, three different inhibitors block respiration, yielding the patterns ofoxidation states shown below. What is the order of the carriers in the chainfrom substrates to O2, and where do the three inhibitors act?O and R indicate fully oxidized and fully reduced, respectively.
- The metabolism of alcohol pathway is showed in the figure characterized by biotransformation of: (Figure : Ethanol Metabolism Pathway - ADH : Alcohol dehydrogenases, ALDH: Aldehyde dehydrogenase ) (a) reaction phase I with two oxidations (b) reaction phase II with oxidation and sulfonation (c) reaction phase II with two hydrolysations (d) reaction phase II with two oxidations (e) reaction phase I with hydrolysis and oxidationCompare the delta ΔG0' values for the oxidation of succinate by NAD+ and by FAD. Use the data given in Table 18.1 to find the E0' of the NAD+-NADH and fumarate-succinate couples, and assume that E0' for the FAD – FADH2 redox couple is nearly 0.05 V. Why is FAD rather than NAD+ the electron acceptor in the reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase?When ATP and xylose are added to hexokinase, the enzyme produces a small amount of xylose-5-phosphate along with a large amount of ADP. How does this observation support the induced fit model?
- Write out the balanced chemical equation for the FIRST round of oxidation of C16:cis-9.Some anaerobic prokaryotes reduce elemental sulfur to H2S. Assuming 100% efficiency, how much ATP could be synthesized by the oxidation of acetate by S under standard conditions?You experiementally apply the compund antimyctin, which inhinits the functioning of complex III, cytochrome reductase, from participating in redox reactions. You follow this with the addition of 6 molecules of FADH2. How many total ATP molecules can be created using the number of protons that were pumped?