Questonyou have discorered a gene called "leafh," whese proteiaproduct leoks like a fruit. You sdlak sereral verbsions of the Gene:a wild type and two mutants. Motaton 1 causes theleafy protein to not work. Mutation2 prachuce lots ofextr eafy protein. Which of these represents aGOF, ae' the wild type allele.LOF,囚HeatygeneproteinTeafagesetextra leatypreteinmutaticn 3brokenreafy acamuetafin oQeneprotechColum ALOFGOFwiled typeColumn Ba.Bb. CC. A2.3.

Name: Questonyou have discorered a gene called "leafh," whese proteiaproduc
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Description: Questonyou have discorered a gene called "leafh," whese proteiaproduct leoks like a fruit. You sdlak sereral verbsions of the Gene:a wild type and two mutants. Motaton 1 causes theleafy protein to not work. Mutation2 prachuce lots ofextr eafy protei

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Queston have discovered you a called "keafi," Whese protein product looks like a fruit. You isdlae sereral versions of the Gene a Wild type and two mutants. Mtation 1 causes the leafy protein to not work. Mutation 2 prachice lots of extra eafy protein GOF, ane' the wild type allele. gene n . Which of these nepresents a LOF, |leatygene leafy prolein に Teafn geset extra leaty protein mutatkn 2 O broken proteith rene muetatin o Column B Colum A LOF GOF wild type. 2. 3. b. C C. A

Queston have discovered you a called "keafi," Whese protein product looks like a fruit. You isdlae sereral versions of the Gene a Wild type and two mutants. Mtation 1 causes the leafy protein to not work. Mutation 2 prachice lots of extra eafy protein GOF, ane' the wild type allele. gene n . Which of these nepresents a LOF, |leatygene leafy prolein に Teafn geset extra leaty protein mutatkn 2 O broken proteith rene muetatin o Column B Colum A LOF GOF wild type. 2. 3. b. C C. A

Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)

15th Edition

ISBN:9781337408332

Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Chapter4: Cell Structure

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1DAA: Effects of Kartagener Syndrome An abnormal form of the motor protein dynein causes Kartagener...

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Enhanced Spatial Learning in Mice With an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells to one another, have been associated with autism. One mutation changes amino acid 451 from arginine to cysteine. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues genetically modified mice to carry the same arginine-to-cysteine substitution in their neuroligin 3. Mice with the mutation had impaired social behavior. To test spatial learning ability, the mice were placed in a water maze: a deep pool of warm water in which a platform is submerged a few millimeters below the surface. The platform is not visible to swimming mice. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they locate a hidden platform as fast as they can. When tested again, they can remember its location by checking visual cues around the edge of the pool. How quickly they remember the platforms location is a measure of spatial learning ability (FIGURE 15.18). FIGURE 15.18 spatial learning ability in mica mutation in neuroligin 3 (R451C), compared with unmodified (wild-type) mica. 1. In the first, how many days did it take unmodified mice to learn to find the location of the hidden platform within 10 seconds?
Data Analysis Activities Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 13.5 and 14.2), so Loss-of-function mutations in this gene affect hair and skin color. A person with two mutated alleles for this gene makes more of the reddish melanin than the brownish melanin, resu.lti.ng in red hair and pale skin. DNA extracted from two Neanderthal fossils contains a mutated MC1R allele that has not yet been found in humans. To see how the Neanderthal mutation affects the function of the MC1R gene, Carles Lalueza-Fox and her team introduced the allele in to cultured monkey cells (FIGURE 26.12). FIGURE 26.12 MC1Ractivity. Activity is shown in monkey cells transgenic for an unmutated MC1R gene, the Neanderthal MC1R allele, or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is not related to MC1R. How did MCR1 activity in monkey cells with the mutant allele differ from that in cells with the normal allele?
Enhanced Spatial Learning Ability in Mice Engineered to Carry an Autism Mutation Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraordinary skill or talent such as greatly enhanced memory. Mutations in the gene for neuroligin 3, an adhesion protein that connects brain cells, have been associated with autism. One of these mutations is called R451C because the altered gene encodes a protein with an amino acid substitution: a cysteine (C) instead of an arginine (R) in position 451. In 2007, Katsuhiko Tabuchi and his colleagues introduced the R451C mutation into the neuroligin 3 gene of mice. The researchers discovered that the genetically modified mice had impaired social behavior and superior spatial learning ability. Spatial learning in mice is tested with a water maze, which consists of a small platform submerged a bit below the surface or a pool of water so it is invisible to a swimming mouse. Mice do not particularly enjoy swimming, so they try to locate the hidden platform as quickly as they can. When tested again later, they remember the platforms location by checking visual cues around the edge or the pool. How quickly they remember is a measure of their spatial learning ability. FIGURE 15.14 shows some or Tabuchis result. FIGURE 15.14 Spatial learning ability in mice. Mice with a mutation in neuroligin 3(R451C) were tested for learning performance: as compared with unmodified (wild-type) mice. In the first test, how many days did it take unmodified mice to learn to find the location of a hidden platform in 10 seconds?
The photos below show flowers from two Arabidopsis plants. The plant on the left is wild-type (unmutated); the other carries a mutation that causes its flowers to have sepals and petals instead of stamens and carpels. The mutation inactivated one of the plant's ABC floral identity genes. Refer to Figure 10.8 and decide which gene (A, B, or C) has been inactivated.
Data Analysis Activities Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 13.5 and 14.2), so Loss-of-function mutations in this gene affect hair and skin color. A person with two mutated alleles for this gene makes more of the reddish melanin than the brownish melanin, resu.lti.ng in red hair and pale skin. DNA extracted from two Neanderthal fossils contains a mutated MC1R allele that has not yet been found in humans. To see how the Neanderthal mutation affects the function of the MC1R gene, Carles Lalueza-Fox and her team introduced the allele in to cultured monkey cells (FIGURE 26.12). FIGURE 26.12 MC1Ractivity. Activity is shown in monkey cells transgenic for an unmutated MC1R gene, the Neanderthal MC1R allele, or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is not related to MC1R. What does this imply about the mutations effect on Neanderthal hair color?
Using the DNA sequence Genetically modifiedTAC CAG ATA CAC TCCorganisms (GMOs)-CCT, create thespecially foods- arefollowing: (1) frameshiftconsidered by popular(mutation, (2) a silentculture to be "bad".mutation, and (3) aConstruct anonsense mutation.
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Effect of Paternal Grandmother's Food Supply on Infant Mortality Widely available historical data on periods of famine show that before the industrial revolution, a failed harvest in one autumn often led to severe food shortages the following winter. Retrospective studies have correlated infant mortality with the abundance or food during a grandparent's child hood. FIGURE 10.11 shows results from one or these studies. FIGURE 10.11 Relative risk of early death of female child, correlated with the age at which her paternal grandmother experienced a winter with a food supply, that was scarce (blue) or abundant (red) during childhood. The dotted line represents no difference in risk of mortality. A value above the line means increased risk; one below the line indicates reduced risk. Children have a period of show growth around age 9. What trend in this data can you see around that age?
Effect of Paternal Grandmother's Food Supply on Infant Mortality Widely available historical data on periods of famine show that before the industrial revolution, a failed harvest in one autumn often led to severe food shortages the following winter. Retrospective studies have correlated infant mortality with the abundance or food during a grandparent's child hood. FIGURE 10.11 shows results from one or these studies. FIGURE 10.11 Relative risk of early death of female child, correlated with the age at which her paternal grandmother experienced a winter with a food supply, that was scarce (blue) or abundant (red) during childhood. The dotted line represents no difference in risk of mortality. A value above the line means increased risk; one below the line indicates reduced risk. Compare the mortality risk of girls whose paternal grandmothers ate well at age 2 with girls whose grandmothers experienced famine at the same age. Which girl was more likely to die early? How much more likely was she to die?
Effect of Paternal Grandmother's Food Supply on Infant Mortality Widely available historical data on periods of famine show that before the industrial revolution, a failed harvest in one autumn often led to severe food shortages the following winter. Retrospective studies have correlated infant mortality with the abundance or food during a grandparent's child hood. FIGURE 10.11 shows results from one or these studies. FIGURE 10.11 Relative risk of early death of female child, correlated with the age at which her paternal grandmother experienced a winter with a food supply, that was scarce (blue) or abundant (red) during childhood. The dotted line represents no difference in risk of mortality. A value above the line means increased risk; one below the line indicates reduced risk. There was no correlation between early death of a male child and eating habits of his paternal grandmother, but there was a strong correlation with the eating habits of his paternal grandfather. What does this tell you about the location of epigenetic changes that gave rise to these data?
Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 14.1 and 15.1 revisited), so loss-of-function mutations in this gene affect hair and skin color. A person with two mutated alleles for this gene makes more of the reddish melanin than the brownish melanin, resulting in red hair and pale skin. DNA extracted from two Neanderthal fossils contains a mutated MC1R allele that has not yet been found in humans. To see how the Neanderthal mutation affects the function of the MC1R gene. Carles Lalueza-Fox and her team introduced the allele into cultured monkey cells (FIGURE 26.16). FIGURE 26.16 MC1R activity in monkey cells transgenic for an unmutated MC1R gene, the Neanderthal MC1R allele, or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is not related to MC1R. 1. How did MCR1 activity in monkey cells with the mutant allele differ from that in cells with the normal allele?
All mutations ________. a. result from radiation b. lead to evolution c. are caused by DNA damage d. change the DNA sequence