se pair, the adenine undergoes tautomerization prior to replication 3sine during replication C. in a T:A base pair, 5-bromouracil is incorporated across from an adenine prior to replication d. In an A:T base pair, OXOG is placed across from the A during replication Why is MutT so important? What occurs in cells lacking this enzyme? 33. How does DNA polymerase proofreading specifically recognize mispairs (by what mechanism)? 34. Define the roles of each in mismatch repair: MutS, MutL, and MutH, exonuclease 35. How does E. coli distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? 36. How do human cells distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? 37. What are the steps of base excision repair? Where does the glycosylase cleave? 38. Why does the OxoG failsafe system lead to more ATODOCG than CGeDOAT transversions? 39. What are the steps of nucleotide excision repair in bacteria? Why are the bacterial proteins in this pathway named "UV" and human proteins "XP? 40. Which repair system is tightly coupled to transcription? Why is it important to repair damage sensed by RNA polymerase quickly? 41. What is translesion DNA synthesis and when is it used? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair SSDNA or dsDNA? 42. What are the steps of homologous recombination repair? Which proteins are involved in searching for homologous sequences and how do they function? 43. What are the steps of nonhomologous end joining? 44. When is NHEJ used as a mechanism for DNA repair? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair SSDNA or dsDNA? 45. Describe the general steps needed for a cell to become cancerous. 46. How do mutations and chromosomal abnormalities affect proteins and lead to disease? 47. What role do cell cycle checkpoints have in cancer? 48. Define a tumor suppressor and oncogene and give an example of each. 49. Define the role of ATM in the cell and cancer. Upon/DNA damage, ATM decides whether to activate HRR or NHEJ. Which is preferred and why? Augr

se pair, the adenine undergoes tautomerization prior to replication 3sine during replication C. in a T:A base pair, 5-bromouracil is incorporated across from an adenine prior to replication d. In an A:T base pair, OXOG is placed across from the A during replication Why is MutT so important? What occurs in cells lacking this enzyme? 33. How does DNA polymerase proofreading specifically recognize mispairs (by what mechanism)? 34. Define the roles of each in mismatch repair: MutS, MutL, and MutH, exonuclease 35. How does E. coli distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? 36. How do human cells distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? 37. What are the steps of base excision repair? Where does the glycosylase cleave? 38. Why does the OxoG failsafe system lead to more ATODOCG than CGeDOAT transversions? 39. What are the steps of nucleotide excision repair in bacteria? Why are the bacterial proteins in this pathway named "UV" and human proteins "XP? 40. Which repair system is tightly coupled to transcription? Why is it important to repair damage sensed by RNA polymerase quickly? 41. What is translesion DNA synthesis and when is it used? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair SSDNA or dsDNA? 42. What are the steps of homologous recombination repair? Which proteins are involved in searching for homologous sequences and how do they function? 43. What are the steps of nonhomologous end joining? 44. When is NHEJ used as a mechanism for DNA repair? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair SSDNA or dsDNA? 45. Describe the general steps needed for a cell to become cancerous. 46. How do mutations and chromosomal abnormalities affect proteins and lead to disease? 47. What role do cell cycle checkpoints have in cancer? 48. Define a tumor suppressor and oncogene and give an example of each. 49. Define the role of ATM in the cell and cancer. Upon/DNA damage, ATM decides whether to activate HRR or NHEJ. Which is preferred and why? Augr

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter28: Dna Metabolism: Replication, Recombination, And Repair

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P: Semiconservative or Conservative DNA Replication If 15N-Iabeled E. coli DNA has a density of 1.724...

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