Tamoxifen needs an enzyme that is not found in the genes of Asians, but is used to prevent breast cancer in Asian women and to treat breast cancer in Asian women and men, how is that? Is it useful? Explain with pictures please
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Tamoxifen needs an enzyme that is not found in the genes of Asians, but is used to prevent breast cancer in Asian women and to treat breast cancer in Asian women and men, how is that? Is it useful? Explain with pictures please
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- Many of the mutations in cancer samples are not necessarily driver mutations, but rather passenger mutations that are along for the ride. Just because the tumors with a strong environmental component possess a higher frequency of mutations does not mean more oncogenes or more failure of tumor suppressors is occurring. Hematologic childhood cancers have a lower frequency of mutations than tumors with a strong environmental component such as lung cancers and melanoma; WHY?Having a mutant form of the gene XYZ is associated with a higher incidence of cancer than is seen in the general population. If mutant XYZ runs in a woman’s family, will she automatically get cancer? Explain why or why not.One unexpected result of the sequencing of the human genome was the finding that mutations in a single gene can be responsible for multiple distinct disorders. For example, mutations in the RET gene can cause two different types of multiple endocrine neoplasias, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, and Hirschsprung disease. How do you think mutations in a single gene can have such diverse effects?
- Two genes associated with breast cancer, BRCA1 and BRCA2, were discovered in 1994 and 1995, respectively, and shortly thereafter, were patented by Myriad Genetics, a company based in Utah. Under the patents, testing for mutations in these genes could only be performed by Myriad, at costs from 300 to 3,000. Myriad also patented the process of analyzing the results of such tests, preventing anyone who obtains the sequence of their BRCA genes by other means (which itself would probably be patent infringement) from interpreting the information. The idea that genes can be patented has been a contentious issue from the beginning. Patents are not granted for products of nature, meaning that genes inside the body are not patentable, but biotech companies successfully argued that by removing a gene from the human body, purifying it, and then obtaining its DNA sequence, they created something not found in nature, and which is therefore a patentable invention. The U.S. Patent Office found the argument persuasive, but opponents argue that genes are parts of our bodies and can be identified but not invented. Biotech companies argue that without the protection offered by patents, they would have no incentive for research and development of diagnostic tests. In Europe, patents for BRCA1 and BRCA2 were revoked in 2004 because they did not meet the standards for a patent. After more than a decade of legal disputes, the patents were partially restored in 2008 on a very restricted basis. In the United States, a lawsuit, focused on the patents for the BRCA genes, was filed in May 2009. The suit challenges the basic idea that genes are patentable. In November 2009, the judge ruled that the lawsuit can proceed, and the case is moving forward. In March 2010, a federal court invalidated Myriad Genetics patent on these genes. In August 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals reversed the lower courts decision and ruled that gene sequences isolated from cells are not a product of nature and are therefore patentable. The case went to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ordered the appeals court to reconsider the case. The Federal Appeals Court did not change its decision, and the case once again, went to the U.S. Supreme Court. A unanimous decision in June 2013 invalidated Myriads patents on the basis that isolating a gene from nature does not make it patentable. This is a landmark decision on gene patenting with widespread ramifications for the biotechnoloogy industry. Will this decision reduce the incentives for companies to invest in new diagnostic tests that would be used by cancer victims or those with serious genetic disorders?Although it is well known that X-rays cause mutations, they are routinely used to diagnose medical problems, including potential tumors, broken bones, and dental cavities. Why is this done? What precautions need to be taken?Mutations in three broad classes of genes have been implicated in the onset of cancer. Can you explain how?
- Suppose that you are hired by a biotechnology firm to produce a strain of giant fruit flies by using recombinant DNA technology so that genetics students will not be forced to strain their eyes when looking at tiny flies. You go to the library and learn that growth in fruit flies is normally inhibited by a hormone called shorty substance P (SSP). You decide that you can produce giant fruit flies if you can somehow turn off the production of SSP. Shorty substance P is synthesized from a compound called XSP in a single-step reaction catalyzed by the enzyme runtase: A researcher has already isolated cDNA for runtase and has sequenced it, but the location of the runtase gene in the Drosophila genome is unknown. In attempting to devise a strategy for turning off the production of SSP using standard recombinant DNA techniques, you discover that deleting, inactivating, or otherwise mutating this DNA sequence in Drosophila turns out to be extremely difficult. Therefore, you must restrict your…In order to manufacture insulin for patients with diabetes, scientists create recombinant DNA by inserting a human insulin gene into bacterial DNA and have the bacteria produce human insulin. Based on what you have learned in this unit about gene expression, what must the scientists do to the DNA sequence of the human insulin gene BEFORE inserting it into the bacteria, in order to have them produce the same insulin sequence that humans would produce? Explain.Some initial studies looking at the carcinogenicity of tobacco products took extracts from those products and carried out various mutational assays on them. They rarely found any evidence that tobacco could cause cancer. Why would these experiments provide false negatives?
- Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are implicated in carcinogenesis. However, one can predict whether a gene potentially encodes for a protein that influences carcinogenesis by examining their mutational profile. You sequence the genome of 4 cancers and identify 3 genes of interest. Which of the following genes has the best potential to an oncogene? Tumor 1 Tumor 2 Tumor 3 Tumor 4 Gene A S24F, N465T R33T T345S, G366R P367E, P368Y Gene B S34R, F360I S34R V254I S34E, T67Y Gene C S24F, I322E C255I, E344D S34E, P367EDraw a diagram of how we can treatment the Cancer by using gene therapy? Please draw at your own hands.You are studying growth factor GFA, which you know stimulates the proliferation of goblet cells in theintestine.Goblet cells are responsible for producing and secreting mucin, a mixture of glycosaminoglycans thatprotects the intestinal wall.Some patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) appear to have fewer goblet cells, thereforeless mucin and less protection from toxins and various other pro-inflammatory factors.These patients also have mutations in the gene encoding the GFA receptor (GFAR) in goblet cells,GFAR is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that autophosphorylates in response to GFA binding, thusbecoming active.QUESTION:explain what changes in GFAR could be caused by these IBD-associatedmutations and why.
