The UG4 gene is expressed in the stem and leaf tissue of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To identify potential mechanisms regulating UG4 gene expression, six small deletion mutations are made in cloned sequence containing the upstream regulatory region. The full length mutant segments Which mutation(s) affect an enhancer? Why? Which mutations identify the promoter? Why? Speculate about the reason for different transcription rated obtained for fusion constructs E and F.

The UG4 gene is expressed in the stem and leaf tissue of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To identify potential mechanisms regulating UG4 gene expression, six small deletion mutations are made in cloned sequence containing the upstream regulatory region. The full length mutant segments Which mutation(s) affect an enhancer? Why? Which mutations identify the promoter? Why? Speculate about the reason for different transcription rated obtained for fusion constructs E and F.

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Description: The UG4 gene is expressed in the stem and leaf tissue of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To identify potential mechanisms regulating UG4 gene expression, six small deletion mutations are made in cloned sequence containing the upstream regulatory regi

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter10: From Proteins To Phenotypes

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 21QP: Transcriptional regulators are proteins that bind to promoters (the 5-flanking regions of genes) to...

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. Another class of suppressor mutations, not describedin the chapter, are mutations that suppress missensemutations.a. Why would bacterial strains carrying such missense suppressor mutations generally grow moreslowly than strains carrying nonsense suppressormutations?b. What other kinds of mutations can you imagine ingenes encoding components needed for gene expression that would suppress a missense mutationin a protein-coding gene?
The yeast gene SER3, whose product has a role in serine biosynthesis, is repressed during growth in nutrient-rich medium, so little transcription takes place, and little SER3 enzyme is produced, under these conditions. In an investigation of the repression of the SER3 gene, a region of DNA upstream of SER3 was found to be heavily transcribed when SER3 is repressed ). Within this upstream region is a promoter that stimulates the transcription of an RNA molecule called SRG1 RNA (for SER3 regulatory gene 1). This RNA molecule has none of the sequences necessary for translation. Mutations in the promoter for SRG1 result in the disappearance of SRG1 RNA, and these mutations remove the repression of SER3. When RNA polymerase binds to the SRG1 promoter, the polymerase travels downstream, transcribing the SGR1 RNA, and passes through and transcribes the promoter for SER3. This activity leads to the repression of SER3. Propose a possible explanation for how the transcription of SGR1 might…
Mutations in bacterial promoters may increase or decrease therate of gene transcription. Promoter mutations that increasetranscription are termed up-promoter mutations, and those thatdecrease transcription are termed down-promoter mutations.The sequence of the −10 site of the promoter for the lac operonis TATGTT (see Figure 14.5). Would you expect each of thefollowing mutations to be an up-promoter or down-promotermutation?A. TATGTT to TATATTB. TATGTT to TTTGTTC. TATGTT to TATGAT
Name the lambda promoters whose expression is regulated by the cro protein. For each promoter you named, is cro an activator or a repressor of transcription from that promoter?
A cloned gene fragment contains a regulatory element that isrecognized by a regulatory transcription factor. Previousexperiments have shown that the presence of a hormone resultsin transcriptional activation by this transcription factor. To studythis effect, you conduct an electrophoretic mobility shift assayand obtain the following results: Explain the action of the hormone.
A strain of Arabidopsis thaliana possesses a mutation in the APETALA2 gene. As a result of this mutation, much of the 3′ UTR of the mRNA transcribed from the gene is deleted. What is the most likely effect of this mutation on the expression of the APETALA2 gene?
Gal4 is a transcription factor that activates transcription of galactose metabolism genes in yeast. These genes are ‘turned on’ when yeast cells need to metabolize galactose. To identify promoter sequences necessary for regulation of transcription of GAL1, reporter gene fusions were made and introduced into yeast cells. Deletions of GAL1 promoter were cloned upstream of LacZ gene. β-Galactosidase activity was measured in presence of galactose. Shown below is a representation of the results obtained. In the diagrams below (not to scale!): • Construct 1 contains ~ 130bp of the promoter, which is predicted to have all the predicted/putative proximal promoter elements (indicated by the solid boxes) needed to regulate transcription of GAL1.• The stippled box is the core promoter.• The arrow represents the transcriptional start site for the reporter gene Lac Z• Number of + signs represents level of transcription• Star represents a mutation in DNA sequence at that location (few nucleotides…
An enhancer is surrounded by four genes (A, B, C, and D), as shown in the accompanying diagram. An insulator lies between gene C and gene D. On the basis of the positions of the genes, the enhancer, and the insulator, the transcription of which genes is most likely to be stimulated by the enhancer? Explain your reasoning.
An electrophoretic mobility shift assay can be used to study the bindingof proteins to a segment of DNA. In the results shown here, anelectrophoretic mobility shift assay was used to examine the requirementsfor the binding of RNA polymerase II (from eukaryotic cells)to the promoter of a protein-encoding gene. The assembly of generaltranscription factors and RNA polymerase II at the core promoteris described in Chapter 14 (Figure 14.14). In this experiment, thesegment of DNA containing a promoter sequence was 1100 bpin length. The fragment was mixed with various combinations ofproteinsand then subjected to an electrophoretic mobility shift assay.Explain which proteins (TFIID, TFIIB, or RNA polymerase II) areable to bind to this DNA fragment by themselves. Which transcriptionfactors (i.e., TFIID or TFIIB) are needed for the binding ofRNA polymerase II?
Each year in the United States, there are over 230,000 newcases of prostate cancer and almost 28,000 deaths. A 3.8-Mbregion on chromosome 8 (8q24), called a gene desert, has genes but contains enhancer sequences that potentiallyconfer significant risks for prostate cancer. One particular enhancerallele, which is known to be associated with an elevated risk forprostate cancer, physically interacts with the promoter region ofthe nearby MYC gene and facilitates its upregulation. Overexpressionof MYC, which encodes a cell-cycle regulatory protein, isobserved in multiple types of cancer (see Chapter 24). The riskallele has a frequency of 49 percent in men of European descentand 81 percent in men of African ancestry. Most of the differentialMYC activity associated with the risk allele occurs during prenataldevelopment, raising the possibility that testing for this alleleearly in life can be used to identify those in the African-Americanpopulation who are at very high risk for prostate…
Mutations in bacterial promoters may increase or decrease the rate of gene transcription. Promoter mutations that increase the transcription rate are termed up-promoter mutations, and those that decrease the transcription rate are termed down-promoter mutations. As shown , the sequence of the −10 site of the promoter for the lac operon is TATGTT. Would you expect the following mutations to be up-promoter or down-promoter mutations? A. TATGTT to TATATT B. TATGTT to TTTGTT C. TATGTT to TATGAT
A. Identify the mutation(s) that lead to the most loss in transcriptional activity, and discusswhether those match expectations based on the consensus sequence for the Initiator.B. Hypothesize a molecular mechanism to explain how the mutations identified in Part Aresult in loss of transcription activity.C. Identify whether any mutations cause transcription to initiate from a different positionthan wild-type, and provide a brief explanation as to why that occurs for those mutantcore promoters. THIS IS A PRIMER EXTENSION ASSAY