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All Textbook Solutions for Conceptual Physical Science Explorations
8TEA common pickup for an electric guitar consists of a coil of wire around a small permanent magnet. The magnetic field of the magnet magnetizes the nearby guitar string. When the string is plucked, the rhythmic oscillations of the string produce the same rhythmic changes in the magnetic field through the coil, which in turn induce the same rhythmic voltages in the coil, which when amplified and sent to a speaker produce music! Why will this type of pickup not work with nylon strings?Why is generator armature harder to rotate when it is connected to a circuit and supplying electric current?If your metal car moves over a wide, closed loop of wire embedded in a road surface, will the magnetic field of the Earth within the loop be altered? Will this produce a current pulse? Can you think of a practical application for this at a traffic intersection?At the security area of an airport, you walk through a weak ac magnetic field inside a coil of wire. What is the result of a small piece of metal on your person that slightly alters the magnetic field in the coil?A piece of plastic tape coated with iron oxide is magnetised more in some parts than in others. When the tape is moved past a small coil of wire, what happens in the coil? What is the practical application of this?Joseph Henry's wife tearfully sacrificed part of her wedding gown for silk to cover the wires of electromagnets. What was the purpose of the silk covering?If you place a metal ring in a region in which a magnetic field is rapidly alternating, the ring may become hot to touch. Why?If you force the armature of a motor to spin, will it generate an electric current? Why or why not?Your friend says that if you crank the shaft of a dc motor manually, the motor becomes a dc generator. Do you agree or disagree?A length of wire is bent into a closed loop and a magnet is plunged into it, inducing a voltage and, consequently, a current in the wire. A second length of wire, twice as long, is bent into two loops of wire and a magnet is similarly plunged into it. Twice the voltage is induced but the current is same as that produced in the single loop. Why?Two separate but similar coils are mounted close to each other, as shown below. The first coil is connected to a battery. The second coil is connected to a galvanometer. How does the galvanometer respond when the switch in the first circuit is closed? After being closed when the current is steady? When the switch is opened?A friend says that changing electric and magnetic field generate one another, and this gives rise to visible light when the frequency matches the frequency of light. Do you agree? Explain.Moving electric charged particles can interact with a(n) (a) electric field (b) magnetic field (c) Both of these (d) None of theseThe magnetic field lines about a current-carrying wire form (a) circles. (b) radial lines. (c) eddy currents. (d) energy loops.3RAT4RATA motor and a generator are (a) similar devices. (b) very different devices with different applications. (c) forms of transformers. (d) energy sourcs.If you change the magnetic field in a closed loop of wire, you induced in the loop a(n) (a) current. (b) voltage. (c) electric field. (d) All of these.A voltage will be induced in a wire loop when the magnetic field that loop (a) changes. (b) aligns with the electric field. (c) is at right angle to the electric field. (d) converts to magnetic energy.A galvanometer can be calibrated to read electric (a) current. (b) voltage. (c) Either of these. (d) Neither of these.An electric field is induced by any region of space in which (a) a magnetic fields orientation is at right angles to the electric filed. (b) the accompanying electric filed undergoes change in time. (c) a magnetic field changes with time. (d) All of these.10RATWhat is the source of all waves?How do the frequency and period relate to each other?What is it that moves from source to receiver in wave motion?What is the relationship among frequency, wavelength, and wave speed?In a transverse wave, in what direction are the vibrations relative to the direction of wave travel?In a longitudinal wave, in what direction are the vibrations relative to the direction of wave travel?Why will sound not travel in a vacuum?How does the speed of sound in water compare with the speed of sound in air? How does the speed in steel compare with the speed in air?How does the angle of incidence compare with the angle of reflection for sound ?What is the reverberation?11RQDoes sound tend to bend upward or downward when its speed near the ground is greater than its speed at a higher level?Why does a struck tuning fork sound louder when it is held against a table?Give three examples of forced vibration.Distinguish between forced vibrations and resonance.When you listen to a radio, why are you able to hear only one station at a time rather than all stations at once?What kind of waves exhibit interference?Distinguish between constructive interference and destructive interference.In the Doppler effect, does frequency change? Does wavelength change? Does wave speed change?Can the Doppler effect be observed with longitudinal waves, transverse waves or both?How does the V-shape of a bow wave depend on the speed of the wave source?How does the V-shape of a shock wave depend on the speed of the wave source?True or False: A sonic boom occurs only when an aircraft is breaking through the sound barrier.True or False: In order for an object to produce a sonic boom, it must be a sound source.1PC2PCFind the speed of a wave with a frequency of 3Hz and the wavelength of 2m.Find the speed of a wave with frequency of 340Hz and the wavelength of 1m.The waves below have the same frequency (obviously, different wavelengths). Rank their speed from greatest to least.A fire engine sounds its siren as it approaches you. Rank the Doppler effect you hear from highest to lowest frequency. (a) The speed of the fire engine is 20km/h and you are at rest. (b) The speed of the fire engine is 30km/h and you are at rest. (c) The speed of the fire engine is 30km/h while you drive away from it at 20km/h. (d) The speed of the fire engine is 30km/h while you drive toward it at 20km/h.If we double the frequency of a vibrating object, what happens to its period?If the frequency of the sound wave is doubled, what change occurs in its speed? In its wavelength?Red light has longer wavelength than blue light. Which has the greatest frequency?You dip your finger repeatedly into a puddle of water and make waves. What happens to the wavelength if you dip your finger more frequently?Why will marchers at the end of a long parade following band be out of step with marchers near the front?What two physics mistakes occur in a science fiction movie that shows a distant explosion in outer space, where you see and hear the explosion at the same time?A cat can hear sound frequencies up to 70,000 Hz. Bats send and receive ultra-high-frequency squeaks up to 120,000 Hz. Which hears shorter wavelengths, cats or bats?You notice smoke from the starter's gun at a racetrack before you hear it fire. Explain.In an Olympic competition, a microphone picks up the sound of the starters gun and sends it electrically to speakers at every runners staring block. Why?Sound from Source A has twice the frequency of sound from Source B, both in air. Compare the speeds and wavelengths of sound form the two sources.If the speed of sound depended on frequency, how would distant music sound?Why is an echo weaker than the original sound?What is the danger posed by people in the balcony of an auditorium stamping their feet in a steady rhythm?What physical principle is used by Manuel when he pumps in rhythm with the natural frequency of the swing?Would there a Doppler effect if the source of sound were stationary and the listener in motion? Why or Why not? In which direction should the listener move to hear a higher frequency? A lower frequency?When you blow your horn while driving toward a stationary listener, the listener hears an increase in the horn frequency. Would the listener hear an increase in the horn frequency if he were in another car traveling at the same speed in the same direction as you? Explain.Astronomers find that light coming from one edge of the Sun has a slightly higher frequency than light from the opposite edge. What do these measurements tells us about the Sun's motion?Does the conical angle of a shock wave open wider, narrow down, or remain constant as a supersonic aircraft increases its speed?If the sound of an airplane does not originate in the part of the sky where the plane is seen, does this imply that the airplane is travelling faster than the speed of sound? Explain.Why is it that a subsonic aircraft, no matter how loud it may be, cannot produce a sonic boom?A weight suspended from a spring bobs up and down over a distance of 20cm twice each second. What is the frequency? Its period? Its amplitude?From far away you watch a woman driving nails into her front porch at a regular rate of one stroke per second. You hear the sound of the blows exactly synchronized with the blows you see. And then you hear one more blow after you see her cease hammering. How far away is she?A skipper on a boat notices waves crests passing his anchor chain every 5s. He estimates the distance between wave crests to be 15m. He also correctly estimates the speed of the waves. Show that this speed is 3m/s.An oceanic depthsounding vessel surveys the ocean bottom with ultrasonic sound that travels 1530m/sin sweater. When the time delay of the echo from the ocean floor is 6s, show that the depth is almost 4600m.A bat flying in a cave emits a sound and receives its echo 0.1s later. Show that the cave wall is 21.5m distant.What frequency of sound produces a wavelength of 1m in room-temperature air?When we consider the distance a pendulum swings to and fro, were talking about its (a) frequency. (b) period. (c) wavelength. (d) amplitude.If the frequency of a particular wave is 30Hz, its period is (a) 130s. (b) 30s. (c) more than 30s. (d) None of the above.In Europe, alternating electric current vibrates to and fro 50 cycles in 1s. The frequency of these vibrations is (a) 50Hz with a period of 150s. (b) 150Hz with a period of 50s. (c) 50Hz with a period of 50s. (d) 150Hz with a period of 150s.If you dip your finger repeatedly onto the surface of still water, you produce waves. The more frequently you dip your finger, the (a) lower the wave frequency and the longer the wavelengths. (b) higher the wave frequency and the shorter the wavelengths. (c) Strangely, both of these. (d) Neither of these.The vibrations along a longitudinal wave move in a direction (a) parallel to the wave direction. (b) perpendicular to the wave direction. (c) Both of these. (d) Neither of these.A common example of a transverse wave is (a) sound. (b) light. (c) Both of these. (d) Neither of these.When your radio set is tuned to an incoming radio signal, what is occurring? (a) Refraction (b) Forced vibration (c) Resonance (d) Diffraction.When sound or light undergoes interference, it can sometimes (a) build up to an amplitude greater than the sum of amplitudes. (b) cancel completely. (c) Both of these. (d) Neither of these.What does NOT occur with the Doppler effect are changes in (a) frequency due to motion. (b) the speed of the sound due to motion. (c) Both of these. (d) Neither of these.A sonic boom is the result of wave (a) interference. (b) resonance. (c) Superposition. (d) reflection and refraction.How do the speeds of various electromagnetic waves compare?2RQIn what region of electromagnetic spectrum is the resonant frequency of electrons in glass?4RQHow does the average speed of light in glass compare with its speed in a vacuum?Relative to the distance of an object in front of a plane mirror, how far behind the mirror is the image?7RQWhat is the angle between ray of light and its wavefront?Why does a setting Sun often appear elliptical instead of round?What produces the wavy effect in air over a hot stove?Which has the higher frequency, red light or blue light?12RQWhat is the color of the peak frequency of solar radiation?Why are red, green, and, and blue called the additive primary colors?15RQ16RQ17RQ18RQWhy does the Sun look reddish at sunrise and sunset but not at noon?20RQA top view of wheels from a toy cart rolled from a concrete sidewalk onto the following surfaces. Surface A is slightly-rougher concrete, B is coarse grass, and C is cropped gradd on a golf course. When they roll onto the surfaces, they bend from their initial directions. Rank the bending from greatest to least on the surfaces.2TCWhich waves have the longest wavelength: light waves, X-rays, or radio waves? Which have the highest frequencies?Is glass transparent or opaque to frequencies of light that match its own natural frequencies? Explain.3TEAn eye at point P looks into the mirror. Which of the numbered cards is seen reflected in the mirror?On a steamy mirror, wipe away just enough to see your full face. How tall will the wiped area be compared with the vertical dimension of your face?Hold a pocket mirror at almost arms length from your face and note the amount of your face you can see. To see more of your face, should you hold the mirror closer or farther, or would you need a larger mirror? (Try and see!)8TEWhich kind of road surface is easier to see when driving at night, a pebbled uneven surface or a mirror-smooth surface? Explain.10TEPeter Hopkinson stands astride a large mirror and boosts class interest with this zany demonstration. How does he accomplish his apparent levitation in midair? (Hint: Consider his left leg.)What color besides white is common on today table-tennis balls, and why?A spotlight that has a white-hot filament is coated so that it wont transmit yellow light. What color is the emerging beam of light?Below is a photo of science author Suzanne with son Tristan wearing red and daughter Simone wearing green. Below that is the negative photo, which shows these colors differently. What is your explanation?Complete the following equations: Yellow light + blue light = _____light. Green light + _____light = white light. Magenta light + yellow light + cyan light = _____ light.If the sky were composed of atoms that predominantly scattered orange light rather than blue, what color would sunsets be?Comment on the statement, Oh, that beautiful red sunset is just the leftover colors that werent scattered on their way through the atmosphere.”19TE20TEIf you take a photo of your image in a plane mirror, how many meters away should you set your focus if you are 3m in front of the mirror?If you walk towards a mirror at 2m/s, how fast do you and your image approach each other?No glass is perfectly transparent. Consider a pane of glass that transmits 92 of the light incident upon it. How much light is transmitted through two of these sheets together?1RAT2RATWindow glass is normally transparent to (a) infrared. (b) visible light. (c) ultraviolet. (d) All of these.The law of reflection applies to (a) light. (b) sound. (c) both light and sound. (d) neither light nor sound.To see your full image in a mirror on the wall, the minimum height of the mirror is (a) at least one-quarter your height. (b) half your height. (c) the same as your height. (d) dependent on your distance from the mirror.When light refracts, there is a change in (a) speed. (b) direction. (c) both speed and direction. (d) frequency.7RAT8RAT9RATThe redness of a sunset is due to light that (a) is scattered in the sky. (b) survives scattering in the sky. (c) is dispersed. (d) refracts in the air.Which travels more slowly in glass, red light or violet light?2RQ3RQ4RQWhat is the focal length of a lens?Distinguish between a virtual image and a real image.What kind of lens can be used to produce a real image? A virtual image?Is diffraction more pronounced through a small opening or through a large opening?For an opening of a given size, is diffraction more pronounced for a longer wavelength or a shorter wavelength?Is interference restricted to only some types of waves or does it occur for all types of waves?11RQ12RQ13RQWhat phenomenon distinguishes between longitudinal and transverse waves?15RQHow much unpolarized light does an ideal Polaroid filter transmit?17RQ18RQ19RQWhen does light behave as a wave? When does it behave as a particle?1TE2TE3TEIn taking a photograph, what would happen to the image if you cover up the bottom half of the lens?Why do radio waves diffract around buildings but light waves do not?A pattern of fringes is produced when monochromatic light passes through a pair of thin slits. Is such a pattern produced by three parallel thin slits? By thousands of such slits? Give an example to support your answer.7TE8TE9TEWhen dishes are not properly rinsed after washing, different colors are reflected from their surfaces. Explain?If you notice the interference patterns of a thin film of oil or gasoline on water, youll note that the colors form complete rings. How are these rings similar to the lines of equal elevation on a contour map?Why arent interference colors seen on films of gasoline on a dry street?Beacause of wave interference, a film of oil on water is seen to be yellow to observers direclty above in an airplane. What colors does it appear to a scuba diver direclty below?Polarized light is a part of nature, but polarized sound is not. Why?Why do Polaroid sunglasses reduce glare, whereas un-polarized sunglasses simply reduce the total amount of light reaching your eyes?The digital displays of watches and other devices are normally polarized. What problem occurs when you look at them while wearing polarized sunglasses?What percentage of light is transmitted by two ideal Polaroid filters atop each other with their polarization axes aligned? With their axes at right angles to each other?18TE19TEDoes the photoelectric effect prove that light is made of particles? Do interference experiments prove that light is composed of waves? (Is there a distinction between what something is and how it behaves?When the light incident on a prism separates into a spectrum, we call the process (a) polarization. (b) interference. (c) dispersion. (d) None of these.A rainbow illustrates the properties of (a) reflection. (b) refraction. (c) dispersion. (d) All of these.3RAT4RATThe glasses of a nearsighted person are usually thicker at (a) middle. (b) edges. (c) Either of these. (d) Neither of these.When light undergoes interference, it can sometimes (a) build up to more than sum of amplitude (b) cancel completely (c) Both of these (d) Neither of theseWhen a beam of light reflects from a pair of closely spaced surfaces, color is produced because some of the reflected light is (a) converted to a different frequency. (b) deflected. (c) subtracted from the beam. (d) amplified.Polarization occurs for waves that are (a) transverse. (b) longitudinal. (c) Both of these. (d) Neither of these.9RAT10RAT1RQWhat was the source of motion in the particles that Brown investigated?3RQ4RQ5RQ6RQ7RQ8RQ9RQ10RQ11RQ12RQDistinguish between a proton and a neutron in terms of electric charge.14RQ15RQ16RQ17RQ18RQ19RQ20RQConsider three 1-gram samples of matter: A, carbon-12; B, carbon-13; C, uranium-238. Rank them in terms of having the greatest number of atoms, from most to least.2TC3TC4TCA cat strolls your backyard. An hour later, a dog with its nose to the ground follows the trail of the cat. Explain what is occurring from a molecular point of view.2TE3TEWhere did the carbon atoms Leslie's hair originate? (This is the co-author at the age 16.)Does it make sense to say that this text book is more that 99.9 empty space? Defend your answer.6TE7TE8TE9TE10TE11TE12TE13TE14TE15TE16TE17TEWhy dont equal masses of golf balls and Ping-Pong balls contain the same number of balls?19TEWhich contains more atoms: 1kg of lead, or 1kg of aluminium?1RAT2RATSomeone argues that he or she doesnt drink tap water because it contains thousands of impure atoms in each glass. How would you respond in defence of the waters purity, if it indeed does contain thousands of atoms of some impurity per glass? (a) Impurities arent necessarily bad; in fact, they may be good for you. (b) The water contains water molecule each of which is pure. (c) Theres no defence. If water contains impurities, it should not be drunk. (d) Compared to the billions and billions of water molecules, a thousand atom of something else is practically nothing.4RAT5RAT6RAT7RAT8RAT9RAT10RATIs radioactivity on the Earth something relatively new? Defend your answer.2RQ3RQ4RQWhat do flying in a commercial airliner and a visit to the doctors office have in common?6RQ7RQWhy is the killing of cells by radioactivity better than damage of cells?9RQWhen an element like thorium decays, does it become a completely different element or a version of thorium?11RQ12RQWhat is the half-life of uranium-238?What happens to a nitrogen atom in the atmosphere that captures a neutron?15RQ16RQ17RQ18RQHow does the mass of a pair of atoms that have fused compare to the sum of their masses before fusion?What kind of nuclear power is responsible for sunshine?Rank these three types of radiation by their ability to penetrate this page of your book, from highest to lowest: (a) Alpha Particle (b) Beta particle (c) Gamma ray2TCRank the following isotopes in order of their radioactivity starting with the most radioactive isotope to least radioactive isotope: (a) Nickel-59, half-life 75,000years (b) Uranium-238, half-life 4.5billionyears (c) Actinium-225, half-life 10daysRank the following in order of most energy released to least energy released: (a) Uranium-235 splitting into 2 equal fragments (b) Uranium-235 splitting into 3 equal fragments (c) Uranium-235 splitting into 92 equal fragments1TE2TE3TEThe isotope cesium-137, which has a half life of 30 years, is a product of nuclear power plants how long will it take for this isotope to decay to about one sixteenth its original amount?How is carbon-14 produced in the atmosphere?6TE7TEWhy is lead found in all deposits of uranium ones?What does the proportion of lead and uranium in rock tell us about the age of the rock?10TEYour tutor says that atomic nuclei are converted to energy in a nuclear reactor. Why should you seek a new tutor?12TEHow does the mass per nucleon in uranium compare with the mass per nucleon in the fission fragments of uranium?When a pair of hydrogen isotopes are fused, is the mass of the product nucleus more or less than the total mass of the two hydrogen nuclei?15TE16TE17TE18TE19TE20TE1TSConsider a radioactive sample with a half-life of one week. How much of the original sample will be left at the end of the second week? The third week? The fourth week?A radioisotope is placed near a radiation detector, which registers 80 counts per second. Eight hours later, the detector registers 5 counts per second. What is the radioactive half-life?Uranium-238 absorbs a neutron and then emits a beta particle. Show that the resulting nucleus is neptunium- 239.A sample of radioactive material is usually a little warmer than its surroundings because (a) it efficiently absorbs and releases energy from sunlight. (b) its atoms are continually being struck by alpha and beta particles. (c) it is radioactive. (d) it emits alpha and beta particles.2RAT3RATWhen a uranium nucleus emits an alpha particle, the atomic number of the new element is (a) decreased by 2 . (b) decreased by 4 . (c) increased by 2 . (d) increased by 4 .5RAT6RAT