Bartleby Sitemap - Textbook Solutions
All Textbook Solutions for Conceptual Physical Science Explorations
There are five atoms in the methane molecule, CH4 . Out of these five is a carbon atom, which is 1/5100=20% carbon. What is the percentage of carbon in ethane, C2H6 ? Propane, C3H8 ? Butane, C4H10 ? Do heavier hydrocarbons tend to produce more or less carbon dioxide upon combustion compared to lighter hydrocarbons? Why?What is the chemical formula for the following structure?What is the chemical formula for the following structure?Shown below is the structure of 2-methyl-pentane. What is the structure of 3-methyl-pentane?8TE9TE10TE11TEWhy do heteroatoms make such a difference in the physical and chemical properties of an organic molecule?13TEA common inactive ingredient in products such as sunscreen lotions and shampoo are triethyl amine, also known as TEA. What is the chemical structure for this compound?Suggest an explanation for why aspirin has a sour taste.An amino acid is an organic molecule that contains both an amine group and a carboxyl group. At an acidic pH , which structure is most likely:Identify the following functional groups in the organic molecule-amide, ester, ketone, ether, alcohol, aldehyde, amine.The chemical compound lysine is shown below. What functional group must be removed in order to produce cadaverine, as shown in figure 22.11?19TE20TEWhy does the melting point of hydrocarbons increase as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases? (a) An increase in the number of carbon atoms per molecules also means an increase in the density of the hydrocarbon. (b) Because of greater induced dipole-induced dipole molecular attractions. (c) Larger hydrocarbon chains tend to be branched. (d) Because the molecular mass also increases.2RAT3RAT4RATWhy might a high-formula- mass alcohol be insoluble in water? (a) A high-formula-mass alcohol would be too attracted to itself to be soluble in water. (b) The bulk of a high-fromula-mass alcohol likely consist of nonpolar hydrocarbons. (c) Such an alochol would likely br in a solid phase. (d) In order for two substances to be soluble in each other,their molecules need to be of comparable mass.Alkaloid salts are not very soluble in the organic solvent diethyl ether. What might happen to the free-base form of caffeine (an alkaloid) dissolved in diethyl ether if gaseous hydrogen chloride, HCl, were bubbled into the solution? (a) A second layer of water would form. (b) Nothing and the HCl gas would merely bubble out of solution. (c) The diethyl-ether-insoluble caffeine salt would form as a white precipitate. (d) The acid-base reaction would release heat, which would cause the diethyl-ether to start evaporating.Explain why caprylic acid, CH3 (CH2)6COOH ,dissolves in a 5% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide but capryaldehyde, CH3(CH2)6CHO , does not. (a) With two oxygen, the caprylic acid is about twice as polar as the caprylaldehyde. (b) The caprylaldehyde is a gas at room temperature. (c) The caprylaldehyde behaves as a reducing agent, which neutralizes the sodium hydroxide. (d) The caprylic acid reacts to form the water- soluble salt.How many oxygen atoms are bonded to the carbon of the carbonyl of the ester functional group? (a) None (b) One (c) Two (d) ThreeOne solution to the problem of our overflowing landfills is to burn plastic objects instead of burying them. What would be some of the advantages and disadvantages of this practice? (a) Disadvantage: toxic air pollutants; Advantage: reduced landfill volume (b) Disadvantage: loss of vital petroleum-based resource; Advantage: generation of electricity. (c) Disadvantage: discourage recycling; Advantage: provides new jobs. (d) All of aboveWhich would you expect to be more viscous-a polymer made of long molecular strands or a polymer made of short molecular stands? Why? (a) long strands, because they tend to tangle among themselves. (b) short strands, because of a higher density. (c) long strands, because of a greater molecular mass. (d) short strands, because their ends are typically polar.1RQ2RQ3RQWhich monosaccharide do starches and cellulose have in common?5RQ6RQWhat makes a saturated fat saturated?What do all steroids have in common?How do various amino acids differ from one another?What do a peptide, polypeptide, and protein all have in common?What is the difference between a nucleic acid and a nucleotide?12RQ13RQ14RQWhy is it often more healthful to eat vegetables that have been steamed rather than boiled?What is general outcome of catabolism?What is the general outcome of anabolism?Which type of biomolecule does the food pyramid recommend we eat the most of?Are all dietary fibers made of cellulose?20RQRank the following molecules in order of increasing sweetness: glucose, cellulose, starch.Rank the following molecules in order of increasing molecular mass: cholesterol, glycine, deoxyribonucleic acid.Rank the following mineral ions in order of how much we need each day: Sodium, Potassium, chromium.Does a carbohydrate contain water?What is another biological use for carbohydrates besides energy?3TEIn what ways are cellulose and starch similar to each other? In what ways are they different from each other?5TEWhy is it important to have cholesterol in your body?Could a food product containing glycerol and fatty acids but no triglycerides be advertised as being fat-free? If so, how might such advertising be misleading?8TE9TEIn what way is the chemical structure of DNA different from that of RNA?11TEThe dietary minerals must be in ionic form in order for the body to make use of them. Why?13TE14TESuggest why the glycemic index for sucrose is only about 64% that of glucose.Is it possible to eat a food low on the glycemic index and still experience a significant increase in blood glucose?17TE18TE19TECold cereal is often fortified with all sorts of vitamins and minerals but is deficient in the amino acid lysine. How might this deficiency be compensated for in a breakfast meal?1RAT2RAT3RAT4RAT5RAT6RAT7RATVitamins such as vitamin B and vitamin C are often lost by boiling vegetables. Why? (a) They are water soluble and are poured down the drain with the water. (b) The heat of the boiling water causes the vitamin to evaporate. (c) They are fat-soluble compounds and vegetables do not have much fat. (d) The heat of the boiling water destroys the vitamin. (e) None of the above.9RAT10RATWhat are the three origins of drugs?Are a drugs side effects necessarily bad?What is synergistic effect?In the lock-and-key-model, is a drug viewed as the lock or the key?What holds a drug to its receptor site?6RQHow does penicillin G cure bacterial infection?How does a neuron maintain an electric potential difference across its membrane?9RQ10RQ11RQWhat is the role of GABA in the nervous system?13RQ14RQ15RQ16RQWhat is an anesthetic?What is an analgesic?19RQ20RQAspirin can cure a headache, but when you pop an aspirin tablet, how does the aspirin know to go to your head rather than your big toe?Which is better for you:a drug that is a natural product or one that is synthetic?When is drug overdose most likely to happen?How does chemotherapy work to fight a disease or infection?5TEWould formulating a sulfa drug with PABA be likely to increase or decrease its antibacterial properties?7TEWhat is an advantage of synaptic clefts between neurons rather than direct connections?9TEHow is a drug addicts addiction similar to our need for food?How it is different?When a neuron is at rest there is a tiny electric potential across the neurons membrane, how was this electric potential created?What flushes back into a neuron as a nerve impulse passes through the neuron?13TEWhy do heavy drinkers have greater tolerance for alcohol?An excess of which of the neurotransmitters discussed in this chapter would mostly readily hinder your ability to perform a complicated physical performance, such as a ballet dance?Nicotine solutions are available from lawn and garden stores as an insecticide. Why must gardener handle this product with extreme care?A variety of gaseous compounds behave as general anesthetics even though their structures have very little in common. Does this support the role of a receptor site for their mode of action?How might the structure of benzocaine be modified to create a compound having greater anesthetic properties?19TE20TEWhich of the following is true about a medicine? (a) It is a drug that provides a euphoric effect. (b) It is a drug that kills bacteria. (c) It is a drug that is isolated from a plant. (d) It is a drug that has a therapeutic properties. (e) None of the above.Which of the following would be an example of a synergistic effect? (a) Penicillin kills infectious bacteria and beneficial bacteria in the intestine. (b) Antidepressants and cold medicine together can lead to seizures. (c) Caffeine suppresses the appetite and causes the jitters. (d) Aspirin reduces fever and thins the blood (e) None of the aboveWhat are side effects? (a) They are a multiplying effect seen in a drug due to other interactions. (b) They are a beneficial aspect of a drug that has not been exploited. (c) Any behavior of a drug that is opposite of its primary function. (d) Any behavior of a drug that is not fulfilling its primary function. (e) None of the above.Which of the following would not be part of the drug discovery process? (a) Examining folklore for herbs and potions. (b) Changing an old drug a little and testing the new drug for activity. (c) Learning the exact shape of various receptor sites. (d) Random testing of new compounds for drug activity. (e) All of the above are part of the process.5RATHow is a set of neurons different from a wire conductor? (a) The wire can carry more information. (b) Neurons do not need to physically touch to conduct. (c) One conducts electricity; the other does not. (d) Wires are made of metal. (e) All of the above.7RAT8RATWhat is the cause of physical pain? (a) Rapid damage response synthesis of chemicals in the body (b) Nerve impulses (c) A sensation only perceived in the brain (d) Inflammation (e) All of the above.10RAT1RQWhat is the most abundant element for Earth as a whole?What is the most abundant element in Earths crust? What is the second most abundant element?What is a mineral?What physical properties are used to identify minerals?Most mineral samples do not display their crystal forms. Why not?Why is color not always the best way to identify a mineral?What is the difference between a silicate mineral and a nonsilicate mineral?What is the most abundant mineral in Earths crust? What is the second most abundant mineral?What is the process of crystallization?11RQWhat are the most common igneous rocks, and where do they generally occur?13RQ14RQWhat are three common types of plutons?16RQWhat is a clastic sedimentary rock?When water evaporates from a body of water, what type of sediment is left behind?What is metamorphism? What causes it?Distinguish between foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks.What three sources of heat contributed to the melting and density segregation of early Earth?Which type(s) of rock is (are) made from previously existing rock? Which does not require high temperature and pressure for its formation?3TEWhat two mineral groups provide the most of the ore that society needs?5TEIs cleavage the same thing as crystal form? Why or why not?Are the Hawaiian Islands made up of primarily of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rock?Where does most magma originate?What patterns of alteration are characteristic of contact metamorphism?In what two ways does sediment turns into sedimentary rock?Name two mica minerals that can give a metamorphic rock its foliation.How is foliation different from sediment layering?What are the two processes by which rock is changed during metamorphism?14TEEach of the following statements describes one or more characteristics of a particular metamorphic rock. For each statement, name the metamorphic rock being described. a) Foliated rock, sometimes derived from granite b) Hard, nonfoliated, single-mineral, formed under high-to-moderate pressure c) Foliated rock, possessing excellent rock cleavage; generally used in making blackboards d) Non-foliated rock composed of carbonate minerals e) Foliated rock containing 50 platy minerals; named according to the major minerals in the rockHow do chemical sediments produce rock? Name two chemical sedimentary rocks.How are the most carbonates rocks formed?18TE19TETh factors that influence bond strength influence mineral hardness. What are these factors?Gold has a density of 19.3g/cm3 . A 5-gal pail of water (density of water =1.0g/cm3 ) has a mass of about 18kg . What is the mass of a 5-gal pail of gold?1RATCompaction and cementation of sediments leads to (a) magma generation. (b) sedimentary rocks. (c) formation of pore water. (d) metamorphism.Why are silicon and oxygen concentrated near Earths surface while iron is concentrated at the core? (a) Earths materials separated early in its history through the process of density segregation. (b) Silicon and oxygen are less dense than iron. (c) Both of these. (d) Neither of these.All of the following can occur during metamorphism EXCEPT (a) melting. (b) recrystallization. (c) changes in composition. (d) changes in crystal size.The most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is that they (a) are observed in great thickness. (b) are formed in layered sequences. (c) contain fossils. (d) are made from unconsolidated sediments.In a sedimentary rock, the degree of particle roundness can indicate (a) the duration and/or length of travel. (b) where the sediment particles originated. (c) where the particles were deposited. (d) how the particles were cemented and compacted.The characteristics of regional metamorphism include (a)deformed rock layers. (b)distinctly foliated rocks. (c)zoned sequences of minerals. (d)All of these.Coarse-grained plutonic igneous rocks occur because (a)lava intrudes deep into Earths interior. (b)minerals cooled and grew quickly. (c)minerals cooled and grew over long period of time. (d)larger minerals are more stable than smaller ones.What most strongly influences a minerals hardness? (a) The geometry of a minerals atomic structure (b) The strength of a minerals chemical bonds (c) The silica content (d) The number of planes of weakness10RAT1RQ2RQ3RQ4RQWhat was Andrija Mohoroviis major contribution to Earth science?How did seismic waves contribute to the discovery of Earths core?What is the evidence that Earths inner core is solid?What is the evidence that Earths outer core is liquid?9RQ10RQ11RQWhat happens to rock when stress exceeds a rocks elastic limit?Are folded rocks primarily the result of compressional or tensional forces?Distinguish between anticlines and synclines.What is the difference between reverse faults and normal faults?16RQ17RQ18RQWhat devices do scientists use to measure an earthquake?20RQ1TE2TE3TEWhat is the evidence that Earths inner core is solid?5TEEven though the inner and outer cores are both predominantly composed of iron and nickel, the inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid. Why?What does the P-wave shadow tell us about Earths composition?8TE9TE10TE11TE12TE13TE14TE15TE16TEIf you found tilted beds of sedimentary rock that are part of a fold, what detail, other than the direction they tilted, would you need to know in order to tell if the fold was an anticline or a syncline?18TE19TEIn an earthquake, does the release of energy usually happen at all once? Defend your answer.1RAT2RAT3RAT4RAT5RAT6RAT7RATWhen stress exceeds a rock's strength, the rock body (a) Breaks, which forms a fault (b) Permanently changes its form-it breaks or flows. (c) Becomes brittle, creating folded rock layers (d) Becomes plastic.Rocks buckle and fold when subjected to (a) tensional force. (b) the release of stored elastic energy. (c) stretching of Earth's crust. (d) compressional force.A fracture in a rock body is a fault if (a) Stress exceeds the rocks strength. (b) One block of the rock body moves relative to the block on the other side of the fracture. (c) The rock body crumbles. (d) The footwall moves upward.1RQ2RQ3RQ4RQ5RQ6RQ7RQ8RQ9RQ10RQ11RQ12RQ13RQ14RQ15RQ16RQ17RQWhat is a transform boundary?19RQ20RQ1TE2TE3TE4TEIs it likely that present-day ocean basins are a permanent feature on our planet? Defend your answer.6TE7TEProvide an explanation for why granite frequently forms at oceanic-continental convergent boundaries but infrequently at oceanic-oceanic convergent boundaries.9TE10TE11TE12TE13TE14TE15TE16TE17TEHow old is the Atlantic Ocean thought to be?What type of lava erupts at divergent boundaries? What type erupt at convergent boundaries?20TE1TSIf you know the rate of movement along a fault, the amount of offset over a period of time can be calculated. The basic relationship is Rate=distancetime Movement along the San Andreas Fault is about 3.5cm/yr. If a fence were built across the fault in 2000, how far apart will the two sections of the new-broken fence be in 2010?3TS1RAT2RAT3RAT4RAT5RAT6RATThe dominant force at divergent boundaries is (a) compression. (b) tension. (c) shearing. (d) similar to that in normal faulting.8RAT9RAT10RAT1RQAs water is precipitated onto the land, where does it go?3RQIf a hole is dug in the unsaturated zone, does it fill with water? Why or why not?5RQ6RQHow does rainwater become acidic? How does this affect limestone?Name three erosional features caused by groundwater in carbonate rocks.What is the difference between a cave and a cavern?10RQWhat happens to stream speed when the discharge of a stream increases?12RQ13RQ14RQWhat is a delta?16RQ