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All Textbook Solutions for Intermediate Financial Management (MindTap Course List)

1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q Describe the ways in which capital can be transferred from suppliers of capital to those who are demanding capital.What are financial intermediaries, and what economic functions do they perform? 7Q Describe some similarities and differences among broker-dealer networks, alternative trading systems (ATS), and registered stock exchanges.What are some similarities and differences between the NYSE and the NASDAQ Stock Market?Assume that you recently graduated and have just reported to work as an investment advisor at the brokerage firm of Balik and Kiefer, Inc. One of the firms clients is Michelle DellaTorre, a professional tennis player who has just come to the United States from Chile. DellaTorre is a highly ranked tennis player who would like to start a company to produce and market apparel she designs. She also expects to invest substantial amounts of money through Balik and Kiefer. DellaTorre is very bright, and she would like to understand in general terms what will happen to her money. Your boss has developed the following set of questions you must answer to explain the U.S. financial system to DellaTorre. Why is corporate finance important to all managers?Assume that you recently graduated and have just reported to work as an investment advisor at the brokerage firm of Balik and Kiefer, Inc. One of the firms clients is Michelle DellaTorre, a professional tennis player who has just come to the United States from Chile. DellaTorre is a highly ranked tennis player who would like to start a company to produce and market apparel she designs. She also expects to invest substantial amounts of money through Balik and Kiefer. DellaTorre is very bright, and she would like to understand in general terms what will happen to her money. Your boss has developed the following set of questions you must answer to explain the U.S. financial system to DellaTorre. Describe the organizational forms a company might have as it evolves from a start-up to a major corporation. List the advantages and disadvantages of each form.3MC Assume that you recently graduated and have just reported to work as an investment advisor at the brokerage firm of Balik and Kiefer, Inc. One of the firm’s clients is Michelle DellaTorre, a professional tennis player who has just come to the United States from Chile. DellaTorre is a highly ranked tennis player who would like to start a company to produce and market apparel she designs. She also expects to invest substantial amounts of money through Balik and Kiefer. DellaTorre is very bright, and she would like to understand in general terms what will happen to her money. Your boss has developed the following set of questions you must answer to explain the U.S. financial system to DellaTorre. What should be the primary objective of managers? Do firms have any responsibilities to society at large? Is stock price maximization good or bad for society? Should firms behave ethically? 5MC Assume that you recently graduated and have just reported to work as an investment advisor at the brokerage firm of Balik and Kiefer, Inc. One of the firms clients is Michelle DellaTorre, a professional tennis player who has just come to the United States from Chile. DellaTorre is a highly ranked tennis player who would like to start a company to produce and market apparel she designs. She also expects to invest substantial amounts of money through Balik and Kiefer. DellaTorre is very bright, and she would like to understand in general terms what will happen to her money. Your boss has developed the following set of questions you must answer to explain the U.S. financial system to DellaTorre. What are free cash flows?Assume that you recently graduated and have just reported to work as an investment advisor at the brokerage firm of Balik and Kiefer, Inc. One of the firm’s clients is Michelle DellaTorre, a professional tennis player who has just come to the United States from Chile. DellaTorre is a highly ranked tennis player who would like to start a company to produce and market apparel she designs. She also expects to invest substantial amounts of money through Balik and Kiefer. DellaTorre is very bright, and she would like to understand in general terms what will happen to her money. Your boss has developed the following set of questions you must answer to explain the U.S. financial system to DellaTorre. What is the weighted average cost of capital? 8MC Assume that you recently graduated and have just reported to work as an investment advisor at the brokerage firm of Balik and Kiefer, Inc. One of the firms clients is Michelle DellaTorre, a professional tennis player who has just come to the United States from Chile. DellaTorre is a highly ranked tennis player who would like to start a company to produce and market apparel she designs. She also expects to invest substantial amounts of money through Balik and Kiefer. DellaTorre is very bright, and she would like to understand in general terms what will happen to her money. Your boss has developed the following set of questions you must answer to explain the U.S. financial system to DellaTorre. Who are the providers (savers) and users (borrowers) of capital? How is capital transferred between savers and borrowers?10MC What are some economic conditions that affect the cost of money? What are financial securities? Describe some financial instruments. 13MC 14MC Explain the differences among broker-dealer networks, alternative trading systems, and registered stock exchanges. Briefly explain mortgage securitization and how it contributed to the global economic crisis. 2Q Security A has an expected return of 7%, a standard deviation of returns of 35%, a correlation coefficient with the market of −0.3, and a beta coefficient of −1.5. Security B has an expected return of 12%, a standard deviation of returns of 10%, a correlation with the market of 0.7, and a beta coefficient of 1.0. Which security is riskier? Why? 4Q 5Q Your investment club has only two stocks in its portfolio. 20,000 is invested in a stock with a beta of 0.7, and 35,000 is invested in a stock with a beta of 1.3. What is the portfolios beta?AA Corporations stock has a beta of 0.8. The risk-free rate is 4%, and the expected return on the market is 12%. What is the required rate of return on AAs stock?Suppose that the risk-free rate is 5% and that the market risk premium is 7%. What is the required return on (1) the market, (2) a stock with a beta of 1.0, and (3) a stock with a beta of 1.7? An analyst has modeled the stock of a company using the Fama-French three-factor model. The market return is 10%, the return on the SMB portfolio (rSMB) is 3.2%, and the return on the HML portfolio (rHML) is 4.8%. If ai = 0, bi = 1.2, ci = 20.4, and di = 1.3, what is the stock’s predicted return? 5P The market and Stock J have the following probability distributions: a. Calculate the expected rates of return for the market and Stock J. b. Calculate the standard deviations for the market and Stock J.7P 8P 9P 10P 11P Stock R has a beta of 1.5, Stock S has a beta of 0.75, the expected rate of return on an average stock is 13%, and the risk-free rate is 7%. By how much does the required return on the riskier stock exceed that on the less risky stock?13P You have observed the following returns over time: Assume that the risk-free rate is 6% and the market risk premium is 5%. a. What are the betas of Stocks X and Y? b. What are the required rates of return on Stocks X and Y? c. What is the required rate of return on a portfolio consisting of 80% of Stock X and 20% of Stock Y?1MC 2MC 3MC What is the stand-alone risk? Use the scenario data to calculate the standard deviation of the bonds return for the next year.5MC 6MC 7MC 8MC 9MC 10MC 11MC 12MC 13MC 14MC 15MC 16MC 17MC 18MC Security A has an expected rate of return of 6%, a standard deviation of returns of 30%, a correlation coefficient with the market of −0.25, and a beta coefficient of −0.5. Security B has an expected return of 11%, a standard deviation of returns of 10%, a correlation with the market of 0.75, and a beta coefficient of 0.5. Which security is more risky? Why? The standard deviation of stock returns for Stock A is 40%. The standard deviation of the market return is 20%. If the correlation between Stock A and the market is 0.70, then what is Stock A’s beta? APT An analyst has modeled the stock of Crisp Trucking using a two-factor APT model. The risk-free rate is 6%, the expected return on the first factor (r1) is 12%, and the expected return on the second factor (r2) is 8%. If bi1 = 0.7 and bi2 = 0.9, what is Crisp’s required return? Two-Asset Portfolio Stock A has an expected return of 12% and a standard deviation of 40%. Stock B has an expected return of 18% and a standard deviation of 60%. The correlation coefficient between Stocks A and B is 0.2. What are the expected return and standard deviation of a portfolio invested 30% in Stock A and 70% in Stock B? 4P You have been hired at the investment firm of Bowers Noon. One of its clients doesnt understand the value of diversification or why stocks with the biggest standard deviations dont always have the highest expected returns. Your assignment is to address the clients concerns by showing the client how to answer the following questions: a. Suppose Asset A has an expected return of 10% and a standard deviation of 20%. Asset B has an expected return of 16% and a standard deviation of 40%. If the correlation between A and B is 0.35, what are the expected return and standard deviation for a portfolio consisting of 30% Asset A and 70% Asset B?You have been hired at the investment firm of Bowers & Noon. One of its clients doesn’t understand the value of diversification or why stocks with the biggest standard deviations don’t always have the highest expected returns. Your assignment is to address the client’s concerns by showing the client how to answer the following questions: Plot the attainable portfolios for a correlation of 0.35. Now plot the attainable portfolios for correlations of +1.0 and −1.0. You have been hired at the investment firm of Bowers & Noon. One of its clients doesn’t understand the value of diversification or why stocks with the biggest standard deviations don’t always have the highest expected returns. Your assignment is to address the client’s concerns by showing the client how to answer the following questions: Suppose a risk-free asset has an expected return of 5%. By definition, its standard deviation is zero, and its correlation with any other asset is also zero. Using only Asset A and the risk-free asset, plot the attainable portfolios. You have been hired at the investment firm of Bowers Noon. One of its clients doesnt understand the value of diversification or why stocks with the biggest standard deviations dont always have the highest expected returns. Your assignment is to address the clients concerns by showing the client how to answer the following questions: Add a set of indifference curves to the graph created for part b. What do these curves represent? What is the optimal portfolio for this investor? Add a second set of indifference curves that leads to the selection of a different optimal portfolio. Why do the two investors choose different portfolios?You have been hired at the investment firm of Bowers & Noon. One of its clients doesn’t understand the value of diversification or why stocks with the biggest standard deviations don’t always have the highest expected returns. Your assignment is to address the client’s concerns by showing the client how to answer the following questions: Construct a plausible graph that shows risk (as measured by portfolio standard deviation) on the x-axis and expected rate of return on the y-axis. Now add an illustrative feasible (or attainable) set of portfolios and show what portion of the feasible set is efficient. What makes a particular portfolio efficient? Don’t worry about specific values when constructing the graph—merely illustrate how things look with “reasonable” data. Now add the risk-free asset. What impact does this have on the efficient frontier?Write out the equation for the Capital Market Line (CML), and draw it on the graph. Interpret the plotted CML. Now add a set of indifference curves and illustrate how an investors optimal portfolio is some combination of the risky portfolio and the risk-free asset. What is the composition of the risky portfolio?8MC What is a characteristic line? How is this line used to estimate a stocks beta coefficient? Write out and explain the formula that relates total risk, market risk, and diversifiable risk.10MC 11MC Short-term interest rates are more volatile than long-term interest rates, so short-term bond prices are more sensitive to interest rate changes than are long-term bond prices. Is this statement true or false? Explain.The rate of return on a bond held to its maturity date is called the bonds yield to maturity. If interest rates in the economy rise after a bond has been issued, what will happen to the bonds price and to its YTM? Does the length of time to maturity affect the extent to which a given change in interest rates will affect the bonds price? Why or why not?If you buy a callable bond and interest rates decline, will the value of your bond rise by as much as it would have risen if the bond had not been callable? Explain. A sinking fund can be set up in one of two ways. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each procedure from the viewpoint of both the firm and its bondholders.1P 2P Current Yield for Annual Payments Heath Food Corporations bonds have 7 years remaining to maturity. The bonds have a face value of 1,000 and a yield to maturity of 8%. They pay interest annually and have a 9% coupon rate. What is their current yield?Determinant of Interest Rates The real risk-free rate of interest is 4%. Inflation is expected to be 2% this year and 4% during each of the next 2 years. Assume that the maturity risk premium is zero. What is the yield on 2-year Treasury securities? What is the yield on 3-year Treasury securities? Default Risk Premium A Treasury bond that matures in 10 years has a yield of 6%. A 10-year corporate bond has a yield of 9%. Assume that the liquidity premium on the corporate bond is 0.5%. What is the default risk premium on the corporate bond?6P Bond Valuation with Semiannual Payments Renfro Rentals has issued bonds that have a 10% coupon rate, payable semiannually. The bonds mature in 8 years, have a face value of $1,000, and a yield to maturity of 8.5%. What is the price of the bonds? 8P Bond Valuation and Interest Rate Risk The Garraty Company has two bond issues outstanding. Both bonds pay 100 annual interest plus 1,000 at maturity. Bond L has a maturity of 15 years, and Bond S has a maturity of 1 year. a. What will be the value of each of these bonds when the going rate of interest is (1) 5%, (2) 8%, and (3) 12%? Assume that there is only one more interest payment to be made on Bond S. b. Why does the longer-term (15-year) bond fluctuate more when interest rates change than does the shorter-term bond (1 year)?10P 11P Bond Yields and Rates of Return A 10-year, 12% semiannual coupon bond with a par value of 1,000 may be called in 4 years at a call price of 1,060. The bond sells for 1,100. (Assume that the bond has just been issued.) a. What is the bonds yield to maturity? b. What is the bonds current yield? c. What is the bonds capital gain or loss yield? d. What is the bonds yield to call?Yield to Maturity and Current Yield You just purchased a bond that matures in 5 years. The bond has a face value of 1,000 and an 8% annual coupon. The bond has a current yield of 8.21%. What is the bonds yield to maturity?Current Yield with Semiannual Payments A bond that matures in 7 years sells for $1,020. The bond has a face value of $1,000 and a yield to maturity of 10.5883%. The bond pays coupons semiannually. What is the bond’s current yield? 15P Interest Rate Sensitivity A bond trader purchased each of the following bonds at a yield to maturity of 8%. Immediately after she purchased the bonds, interest rates fell to 7%. What is the percentage change in the price of each bond after the decline in interest rates? Assume annual coupons and annual compounding. Fill in the following table: Bond Value as Maturity Approaches An investor has two bonds in his portfolio. Each bond matures in 4 years, has a face value of 1,000, and has a yield to maturity equal to 9.6%. One bond, Bond C, pays an annual coupon of 10%; the other bond, Bond Z, is a zero coupon bond. Assuming that the yield to maturity of each bond remains at 9.6% over the next 4 years, what will be the price of each of the bonds at the following time periods? Fill in the following table:18P 19P 20P Bond Valuation and Changes in Maturity and Required Returns Suppose Hillard Manufacturing sold an issue of bonds with a 10-year maturity, a 1,000 par value, a 10% coupon rate, and semiannual interest payments. a. Two years after the bonds were issued, the going rate of interest on bonds such as these fell to 6%. At what price would the bonds sell? b. Suppose that 2 years after the initial offering, the going interest rate had risen to 12%. At what price would the bonds sell? c. Suppose that 2 years after the issue date (as in Part a) interest rates fell to 6%. Suppose further that the interest rate remained at 6% for the next 8 years. What would happen to the price of the bonds over time?Yield to Maturity and Yield to Call Arnot International’s bonds have a current market price of $1,200. The bonds have an 11% annual coupon payment, a $1,000 face value, and 10 years left until maturity. The bonds may be called in 5 years at 109% of face value (call price = $1,090). What is the yield to maturity? What is the yield to call if they are called in 5 years? Which yield might investors expect to earn on these bonds, and why? The bond’s indenture indicates that the call provision gives the firm the right to call them at the end of each year beginning in Year 5. In Year 5, they may be called at 109% of face value, but in each of the next 4 years the call percentage will decline by 1 percentage point. Thus, in Year 6 they may be called at 108% of face value, in Year 7 they may be called at 107% of face value, and so on. If the yield curve is horizontal and interest rates remain at their current level, when is the latest that investors might expect the firm to call the bonds? 23P 1MC 2MC How does one determine the value of any asset whose value is based on expected future cash flows? 4MC What would be the value of the bond described in Part d if, just after it had been issued, the expected inflation rate rose by 3 percentage points, causing investors to require a 13% return? Would we now have a discount or a premium bond? What would happen to the bond’s value if inflation fell and rd declined to 7%? Would we now have a premium or a discount bond? What would happen to the value of the 10-year bond over time if the required rate of return remained at 13%? If it remained at 7%? (Hint: With a financial calculator, enter PMT, I/YR, FV, and N, and then change N to see what happens to the PV as the bond approaches maturity.) Suppose a 10-year, 10% semiannual coupon bond with a par value of 1,000 is currently selling for 1,135.90, producing a nominal yield to maturity of 8%. However, the bond can be called after 5 years for a price of 1,050. (1) What is the bonds nominal yield to call (YTC)? (2) If you bought this bond, do you think you would be more likely to earn the YTM or the YTC? Why?9MC 10MC 11MC 12MC 14MC 15MC 16MC 17MC Define each of the following terms: Option; call option; put option Exercise value; strike price Black-Scholes option pricing model 2Q 3Q 1P The exercise price on one of Flanagan Companys call options is 15, its exercise value is 22, and its time value is 5. What are the options market value and the price of the stock?Black-Scholes Model Assume that you have been given the following information on Purcell Industries call options: According to the Black-Scholes option pricing model, what is the option’s value? Put–Call Parity The current price of a stock is $33, and the annual risk-free rate is 6%. A call option with a strike price of $32 and with 1 year until expiration has a current value of $6.56. What is the value of a put option written on the stock with the same exercise price and expiration date as the call option? 5P Binomial Model The current price of a stock is 20. In 1 year, the price will be either 26 or 16. The annual risk-free rate is 5%. Find the price of a call option on the stock that has a strike price of 21 and that expires in 1 year. (Hint: Use daily compounding.)7P What is a financial option? What is the single most important characteristic of an option?2MC Consider Triple Play’s call option with a $25 strike price. The following table contains historical values for this option at different stock prices: Create a table that shows (a) stock price, (b) strike price, (c) exercise value, (d) option price, and (e) the time value, which is the option’s price less its exercise value. What happens to the time value as the stock price rises? Why? 4MC In 1973, Fischer Black and Myron Scholes developed the Black-Scholes option pricing model (OPM). What assumptions underlie the OPM? Write out the three equations that constitute the model. According to the OPM, what is the value of a call option with the following characteristics? Stock price = $27.00 Strike price = $25.00 Time to expiration = 6 months = 0.5 years Risk-free rate = 6.0% Stock return standard deviation = 0.49 6MC What is putcall parity?2Q If a “typical” firm reports $20 million of retained earnings on its balance sheet, can the firm definitely pay a $20 million cash dividend? 4Q What is operating capital, and why is it important?Explain the difference between NOPAT and net income. Which is a better measure of the performance of a companys operations?7Q 8Q 1P Corporate bonds issued by Johnson Corporation currently yield 8%. Municipal bonds of equal risk currently yield 6%. At what tax rate would an investor be indifferent between these two bonds?3P Talbot Enterprises recently reported an EBITDA of $8 million and net income of $2.4 million. It had $2.0 million of interest expense, and its corporate tax rate was 40%. What was its charge for depreciation and amortization? Kendall Corners Inc. recently reported net income of 3.1 million and depreciation of 500,000. What was its net cash flow? Assume it had no amortization expense.In its most recent financial statements, Del-Castillo Inc. reported 70 million of net income and 900 million of retained earnings. The previous retained earnings were 855 million. How much in dividends did the firm pay to shareholders during the year?7P 8P 9P The Moore Corporation has operating income (EBIT) of 750,000. The companys depreciation expense is 200,000. Moore is 100% equity financed, and it faces a 40% tax rate. What is the companys net income? What is its net cash flow?The Berndt Corporation expects to have sales of 12 million. Costs other than depreciation are expected to be 75% of sales, and depreciation is expected to be 1.5 million. All sales revenues will be collected in cash, and costs other than depreciation must be paid for during the year. Berndts federal-plus-state tax rate is 40%. Berndt has no debt. a. Set up an income statement. What is Berndts expected net income? Its expected net cash flow? b. Suppose Congress changed the tax laws so that Berndts depreciation expenses doubled. No changes in operations occurred. What would happen to reported profit and to net cash flow? c. Now suppose that Congress changed the tax laws such that, instead of doubling Berndts depreciation, it was reduced by 50%. How would profit and net cash flow be affected? d. If this were your company, would you prefer Congress to cause your depreciation expense to be doubled or halved? Why?12P What effect did the expansion have on sales and net income? What effect did the expansion have on the asset side of the balance sheet? What effect did it have on liabilities and equity? 2MC 3MC 4MC What is Computron’s free cash flow (FCF)? What are Computron’s “net uses” of its FCF? Calculate Computron’s return on invested capital (ROIC). Computron has a 10% cost of capital (WACC). What caused the decline in the ROIC? Was it due to operating profitability or capital utilization? Do you think Computron’s growth added value? Cochran also has asked you to estimate Computrons EVA. She estimates that the after-tax cost of capital was 10% in both years.8MC Assume that a corporation has $100,000 of taxable income from operations plus $5,000 of interest income and $10,000 of dividend income. What is the company’s federal tax liability? 10MC Define each of the following terms: Liquidity ratios: current ratio; quick, or acid test, ratio Asset management ratios: inventory turnover ratio; days sales outstanding (DSO); fixed assets turnover ratio; total assets turnover ratio Financial leverage ratios: debt ratio; times-interest-earned (TIE) ratio; EBITDA coverage ratio Profitability ratios: profit margin on sales; basic earning power (BEP) ratio; return on total assets (ROA); return on common equity (ROE) Market value ratios: price/earnings (P/E) ratio; price/cash flow ratio; market/book (M/B) ratio; book value per share Trend analysis; comparative ratio analysis; benchmarking DuPont equation; window dressing; seasonal effects on ratios Financial ratio analysis is conducted by managers, equity investors, long-term creditors, and short-term creditors. What is the primary emphasis of each of these groups in evaluating ratios? 3Q Profit margins and turnover ratios vary from one industry to another. What differences would you expect to find between a grocery chain and a steel company? Think particularly about the turnover ratios, the profit margin, and the DuPont equation. How might (a) seasonal factors and (b) different growth rates distort a comparative ratio analysis? Give some examples. How might these problems be alleviated? Why is it sometimes misleading to compare a company’s financial ratios with those of other firms that operate in the same industry? Greene Sisters has a DSO of 20 days. The companys average daily sales are 20,000. What is the level of its accounts receivable? Assume there are 365 days in a year.Vigo Vacations has $200 million in total assets, $5 million in notes payable, and $25 million in long-term debt. What is the debt ratio? Winston Watch’s stock price is $75 per share. Winston has $10 billion in total assets. Its balance sheet shows $1 billion in current liabilities, $3 billion in long-term debt, and $6 billion in common equity. It has 800 million shares of common stock outstanding. What is Winston’s market/book ratio? Reno Revolvere has an EPS of $1.50, a cash flow per share of $3.00, and a price/cash flow ratio of 8.0. What is its P/E ratio? Needham Pharmaceuticals has a profit margin of 3% and an equity multiplier of 2.0. Its sales are $100 million, and it has total assets of $50 million. What is its ROE? 6P Ace Industries has current assets equal to 3 million. The companys current ratio is 1.5, and its quick ratio is 1.0. What is the firms level of current liabilities? What is the firms level of inventories?The Morrit Corporation has $600,000 of debt outstanding, and it pays an interest rate of 8% annually. Morrit’s annual sales are $3 million, its average tax rate is 40%, and its net profit margin on sales is 3%. If the company does not maintain a TIE ratio of at least 5 to 1, then its bank will refuse to renew the loan, and bankruptcy will result. What is Morrit’s TIE ratio? The Kretovich Company had a quick ratio of 1.4, a current ratio of 3.0, a days’ sales outstanding of 36.5 days (based on a 365-day year), total current assets of $810,000, and cash and marketable securities of $120,000. What were Kretovich’s annual sales? Data for Lozano Chip Company and its industry averages follow. Calculate the indicated ratios for Lozano. Construct the extended DuPont equation for both Lozano and the industry. Outline Lozano’s strengths and weaknesses as revealed by your analysis. 14P Why are ratios useful? What three groups use ratio analysis and for what reasons?2MC Calculate the 2019 inventory turnover, days sales outstanding (DSO), fixed assets turnover, and total assets turnover. How does Computrons utilization of assets stack up against that of other firms in its industry?Calculate the 2019 debt ratio, liabilities-to-assets ratio, times-interest-earned ratio, and EBITDA coverage ratios. How does Computron compare with the industry with respect to financial leverage? What can you conclude from these ratios?5MC 8MC 9MC What are some qualitative factors that analysts should consider when evaluating a company’s likely future financial performance? Define each of the following terms: a. Proxy; proxy fight; preemptive right; classified stock; founders shares b. Free cash flow valuation model, value of operations; nonoperating assets c. Constant growth model; horizon date and horizon value d. Multistage valuation model e. Estimated value (P0); market price (P0) f. Required rate of return, rs; expected rate of return, rs; actual, or realized, rate of return, rs g. Capital gains yield; dividend yield; expected total return h. Preferred stock Two investors are evaluating General Electric’s stock for possible purchase. They agree on the expected value of D1, and also on the expected future dividend growth rate. Further, they agree on the risk of the stock. However, one investor normally holds stocks for 2 years and the other normally holds stocks for 10 years. On the basis of the type of analysis done in this chapter, they should both be willing to pay the same price for General Electric’s stock. True or false? Explain. A bond that pays interest forever and has no maturity date is a perpetual bond, also called a perpetuity or a consol. In what respect is a perpetual bond similar to (1) a no-growth common stock and (2) a share of preferred stock? Explain how to use the free cash flow valuation model to find the price per share of common equity.Thress Industries just paid a dividend of 1.50 a share (i.e., D0 = 1.50). The dividend is expected to grow 5% a year for the next 3 years and then 10% a year thereafter. What is the expected dividend per share for each of the next 5 years?2P 3P 4P A company currently pays a dividend of $2 per share (D0 = $2). It is estimated that the company’s dividend will grow at a rate of 20% per year for the next 2 years and then at a constant rate of 7% thereafter. The company’s stock has a beta of 1.2, the risk-free rate is 7.5%, and the market risk premium is 4%. What is your estimate of the stock’s current price? EMC Corporation has never paid a dividend. Its current free cash flow of $400,000 is expected to grow at a constant rate of 5%. The weighted average cost of capital is WACC = 12%. Calculate EMC’s estimated value of operations. Current and projected free cash flows for Radell Global Operations are shown here. Growth is expected to be constant after 2020, and the weighted average cost of capital is 11%. What is the horizon (continuing) value at 2021 if growth from 2020 remains constant?A stock is trading at $80 per share. The stock is expected to have a yearend dividend of $4 per share (D1 = $4), and it is expected to grow at some constant rate, g, throughout time. The stock’s required rate of return is 14% (assume the market is in equilibrium with the required return equal to the expected return). What is your forecast of gL? Constant Growth Valuation Crisp Cookwares common stock is expected to pay a dividend of 3 a share at the end of this year (D1 = 3.00); its beta is 0.8. The risk-free rate is 5.2%, and the market risk premium is 6%. The dividend is expected to grow at some constant rate g, and the stock currently sells for 40 a share. Assuming the market is in equilibrium, what does the market believe will be the stocks price at the end of 3 years (i.e., what is P3)?10P Brushy Mountain Mining Companys coal reserves are being depleted, so its sales are falling. Also, environmental costs increase each year, so its costs are rising. As a result, the companys earnings and dividends are declining at the constant rate of 4% per year. If D0 = 6 and rs = 14%, what is the estimated value of Brushy Mountains stock?12P Nonconstant Growth Stock Valuation Simpkins Corporation does not pay any dividends because it is expanding rapidly and needs to retain all of its earnings. However, investors expect Simpkins to begin paying dividends, with the first dividend of 0.50 coming 3 years from today. The dividend should grow rapidlyat a rate of 80% per yearduring Years 4 and 5. After Year 5, the company should grow at a constant rate of 7% per year. If the required return on the stock is 16%, what is the value of the stock today (assume the market is in equilibrium with the required return equal to the expected return)?14P Return on Common Stock You buy a share of The Ludwig Corporation stock for $21.40. You expect it to pay dividends of $1.07, $1.1449, and $1.2250 in Years 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and you expect to sell it at a price of $26.22 at the end of 3 years. Calculate the growth rate in dividends. Calculate the expected dividend yield. Assuming that the calculated growth rate is expected to continue, you can add the dividend yield to the expected growth rate to obtain the expected total rate of return. What is this stock’s expected total rate of return (assume the market is in equilibrium with the required return equal to the expected return)? 16P Value of Operations Kendra Enterprises has never paid a dividend. Free cash flow is projected to be $80,000 and $100,000 for the next 2 years, respectively; after the second year, FCF is expected to grow at a constant rate of 8%. The company’s weighted average cost of capital is 12%. What is the terminal, or horizon, value of operations? (Hint: Find the value of all free cash flows beyond Year 2 discounted back to Year 2.) Calculate the value of Kendra’s operations. Free Cash Flow Valuation Dozier Corporation is a fast-growing supplier of office products. Analysts project the following free cash flows (FCFs) during the next 3 years, after which FCF is expected to grow at a constant 7% rate. Dozier’s weighted average cost of capital is WACC = 13%. What is Dozier’s horizon value? (Hint: Find the value of all free cash flows beyond Year 3 discounted back to Year 3.) What is the current value of operations for Dozier? Suppose Dozier has $10 million in marketable securities, $100 million in debt, and 10 million shares of stock. What is the intrinsic price per share? 19P 20P 1MC 2MC 3MC 4MC Use B&M’s data and the free cash flow valuation model to answer the following questions: What is its estimated value of operations? What is its estimated total corporate value? (This is the entity value.) What is its estimated intrinsic value of equity? What is its estimated intrinsic stock price per share? 6MC 7MC 8MC 9MC 10MC 11MC 13MC (1) Write out a formula that can be used to value any dividend-paying stock, regardless of its dividend pattern. (2) What is a constant growth stock? How are constant growth stocks valued? (3) What happens if a company has a constant gL that exceeds its rs? Will many stocks have expected growth greater than the required rate of return in the short run (i.e., for the next few years)? In the long run (i.e., forever)?Assume that Temp Force has a beta coefficient of 1.2, that the risk-free rate (the yield on T-bonds) is 7.0%, and that the market risk premium is 5%. What is the required rate of return on the firms stock?16MC Now assume that the stock is currently selling at $30.29. What is its expected rate of return? 19MC 20MC 21MC Define each of the following terms: Operating plan; financial plan Spontaneous liabilities; profit margin; payout ratio Additional funds needed (AFN); AFN equation; capital intensity ratio; self-supporting growth rate Forecasted financial statement approach using percentage of sales Excess capacity; lumpy assets; economies of scale Full capacity sales; target fixed assets to sales ratio; required level of fixed assets 2Q 3Q 4Q 5Q 6Q Broussard Skateboard’s sales are expected to increase by 15% from $8 million in 2018 to $9.2 million in 2019. Its assets totaled $5 million at the end of 2018. Broussard is already at full capacity, so its assets must grow at the same rate as projected sales. At the end of 2018, current liabilities were $1.4 million, consisting of $450,000 of accounts payable, $500,000 of notes payable, and $450,000 of accruals. The after-tax profit margin is forecasted to be 6%, and the forecasted payout ratio is 40%. Use the AFN equation to forecast Broussard’s additional funds needed for the coming year. AFN Equation Refer to Problem 9-1. What would be the additional funds needed if the companys year-end 2018 assets had been 7 million? Assume that all other numbers, including sales, are the same as in Problem 9-1 and that the company is operating at full capacity. Why is this AFN different from the one you found in Problem 9-1? Is the companys capital intensity ratio the same or different?AFN Equation Refer to Problem 9-1. Return to the assumption that the company had 5 million in assets at the end of 2018, but now assume that the company pays no dividends. Under these assumptions, what would be the additional funds needed for the coming year? Why is this AFN different from the one you found in Problem 9-1?Sales Increase Maggies Muffins Bakery generated 5 million in sales during 2018, and its year-end total assets were 2.5 million. Also, at year-end 2018, current liabilities were 1 million, consisting of 300,000 of notes payable, 500,000 of accounts payable, and 200,000 of accruals. Looking ahead to 2019, the company estimates that its assets must increase at the same rate as sales, its spontaneous liabilities will increase at the same rate as sales, its profit margin will be 7%, and its payout ratio will be 80%. How large a sales increase can the company achieve without having to raise funds externallythat is, what is its self-supporting growth rate?Long-Term Financing Needed At year-end 2018, Wallace Landscapings total assets were 2.17 million, and its accounts payable were 560,000. Sales, which in 2018 were 3.5 million, are expected to increase by 35% in 2019. Total assets and accounts payable are proportional to sales, and that relationship will be maintained. Wallace typically uses no current liabilities other than accounts payable. Common stock amounted to 625,000 in 2018, and retained earnings were 395,000. Wallace has arranged to sell 195,000 of new common stock in 2019 to meet some of its financing needs. The remainder of its financing needs will be met by issuing new long-term debt at the end of 2019. (Because the debt is added at the end of the year, there will be no additional interest expense due to the new debt.) Its net profit margin on sales is 5%, and 45% of earnings will be paid out as dividends. a. What were Wallaces total long-term debt and total liabilities in 2018? b. How much new long-term debt financing will be needed in 2019? [Hint: AFN New stock = New long-term debt.)Additional Funds Needed The Booth Company’s sales are forecasted to double from $1,000 in 2018 to $2,000 in 2019. Here is the December 31, 2018, balance sheet: Booth’s fixed assets were used to only 50% of capacity during 2018, but its current assets were at their proper levels in relation to sales. All assets except fixed assets must increase at the same rate as sales, and fixed assets would also have to increase at the same rate if the current excess capacity did not exist. Booth’s after-tax profit margin is forecasted to be 5% and its payout ratio to be 60%. What is Booth’s additional funds needed (AFN) for the coming year? Forecasted Statements and Ratios Upton Computers makes bulk purchases of small computers, stocks them in conveniently located warehouses, ships them to its chain of retail stores, and has a staff to advise customers and help them set up their new computers. Uptons balance sheet as of December 31, 2018, is shown here (millions of dollars): Sales for 2018 were 350 million, and net income for the year was 10.5 million, so the firms profit margin was 3.0%. Upton paid dividends of 4.2 million to common stockholders, so its payout ratio was 40%. Its tax rate was 40%, and it operated at full capacity. Assume that all assets/sales ratios, (spontaneous liabilities)/sales ratios, the profit margin, and the payout ratio remain constant in 2019. a. If sales are projected to increase by 70 million, or 20%, during 2019, use the AFN equation to determine Uptons projected external capital requirements. b. Using the AFN equation, determine Uptons self-supporting growth rate. That is, what is the maximum growth rate the firm can achieve without having to employ nonspontaneous external funds? c. Use the forecasted financial statement method to forecast Uptons balance sheet for December 31, 2019. Assume that all additional external capital is raised as a line of credit at the end of the year and is reflected (because the debt is added at the end of the year, there will be no additional interest expense due to the new debt). Assume Uptons profit margin and dividend payout ratio will be the same in 2019 as they were in 2018. What is the amount of the line of credit reported on the 2019 forecasted balance sheets? (Hint: You dont need to forecast the income statements because the line of credit is taken out on the last day of the year and you are given the projected sales, profit margin, and dividend payout ratio; these figures allow you to calculate the 2019 addition to retained earnings for the balance sheet without actually constructing a full income statement.)Financing Deficit Stevens Textile Corporation’s 2018 financial statements are shown here: Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2018 (Thousands of Dollars) Income Statement for December 31, 2018 (Thousands of Dollars) Suppose 2019 sales are projected to increase by 15% over 2018 sales. Use the forecasted financial statement method to forecast a balance sheet and income statement for December 31, 2019. The interest rate on all debt is 10%, and cash earns no interest income. Assume that all additional debt in the form of a line of credit is added at the end of the year, which means that you should base the forecasted interest expense on the balance of debt at the beginning of the year. Use the forecasted income statement to determine the addition to retained earnings. Assume that the company was operating at full capacity in 2018, that it cannot sell off any of its fixed assets, and that any required financing will be borrowed as notes payable. Also, assume that assets, spontaneous liabilities, and operating costs are expected to increase by the same percentage as sales. Determine the additional funds needed. What is the resulting total forecasted amount of the line of credit? In your answers to parts a and b, you should not have charged any interest on the additional debt added during 2019 because it was assumed that the new debt was added at the end of the year. But now suppose that the new debt is added throughout the year. Don’t do any calculations, but how would this change the answers to parts a and b? 9P Hatfield Medical Supplys stock price had been lagging its industry averages, so its board of directors brought in a new CEO, Jaiden Lee. Lee had brought in Ashley Novak, a finance MBA who had been working for a consulting company, to replace the old CFO, and Lee asked Novak to develop the financial planning section of the strategic plan. In her previous job, Novaks primary task had been to help clients develop financial forecasts, and that was one reason Lee hired her. Novak began by comparing Hatfields financial ratios to the industry averages. If any ratio was substandard, she discussed it with the responsible manager to see what could be done to improve the situation. The following data show Hatfields latest financial statements plus some ratios and other data that Novak plans to use in her analysis. Hatfield Medical Supply (Millions of Dollars, Except Per Share Data) Selected Additional Data for 2018 Using Hatfields data and its industry averages, how well run would you say Hatfield appears to be compared to other firms in its industry? What are its primary strengths and weaknesses? Be specific in your answer, and point to various ratios that support your position. Also, use the DuPont equation (see Chapter 7) as one part of your analysis.2MC Define the term capital intensity. Explain how a decline in capital intensity would affect the AFN, other things held constant. Would economies of scale combined with rapid growth affect capital intensity, other things held constant? Also, explain how changes in each of the following would affect AFN, holding other things constant: the growth rate, the amount of accounts payable, the profit margin, and the payout ratio.2Q 3Q 4Q How is it possible for an employee stock option to be valuable even if the firms stock price fails to meet shareholders expectations?1MC 2MC 3MC 4MC 5MC 6MC 7MC 8MC 9MC 10MC 11MC Define each of the following terms: Weighted average cost of capital, WACC; after-tax cost of debt, rd(1 – T); after-tax cost of short-term debt, rstd(1 – T) Cost of preferred stock, rps; cost of common equity (or cost of common stock), rs Target capital structure Flotation cost, F; cost of new external common equity, re 2Q 3Q Distinguish between beta (i.e., market) risk, within-firm (i.e., corporate) risk, and stand-alone risk for a potential project. Of the three measures, which is theoretically the most relevant, and why? Suppose a firm estimates its overall cost of capital for the coming year to be 10%. What might be reasonable costs of capital for average-risk, high-risk, and low-risk projects? 11-1 After-Tax Cost of Debt Calculate the after-tax cost of debt under each of the following conditions: rd of 13%, tax rate of 0% rd of 13%, tax rate of 20% rd of 13%, tax rate of 35% 2P Cost of Preferred Stock Duggins Veterinary Supplies can issue perpetual preferred stock at a price of $50 a share with an annual dividend of $4.50 a share. Ignoring flotation costs, what is the company’s cost of preferred stock, rps? 4P 5P 6P 7P 8P Bond Yield and After-Tax Cost of Debt A companys 6% coupon rate, semiannual payment, 1,000 par value bond that matures in 30 years sells at a price of 515.16. The companys federal-plus-state tax rate is 40%. What is the firms after-tax component cost of debt for purposes of calculating the WACC? (Hint: Base your answer on the nominal rate.)10P 11P Calculation of gL and EPS Spencer Suppliess stock is currently selling for 60 a share. The firm is expected to earn 5.40 per share this year and to pay a year-end dividend of 3.60. a. If investors require a 9% return, what rate of growth must be expected for Spencer? b. If Spencer reinvests earnings in projects with average returns equal to the stocks expected rate of return, then what will be next years EPS? [Hint: gL = ROE Retention ratio.)The Cost of Equity and Flotation Costs Messman Manufacturing will issue common stock to the public for $30. The expected dividend and the growth in dividends are $3.00 per share and 5%, respectively. If the flotation cost is 10% of the issue’s gross proceeds, what is the cost of external equity, re? 14P WACC Estimation On January 1, the total market value of the Tysseland Company was $60 million. During the year, the company plans to raise and invest $30 million in new projects. The firm’s present market value capital structure, shown here, is considered to be optimal. There is no short-term debt. New bonds will have an 8% coupon rate, and they will be sold at par. Common stock is currently selling at $30 a share. The stockholders’ required rate of return is estimated to be 12%, consisting of a dividend yield of 4% and an expected constant growth rate of 8%. (The next expected dividend is $1.20, so the dividend yield is $1.20/$30 = 4%.) The marginal tax rate is 40%. In order to maintain the present capital structure, how much of the new investment must be financed by common equity? Assuming there is sufficient cash flow for Tysseland to maintain its target capital structure without issuing additional shares of equity, what is its WACC? Suppose now that there is not enough internal cash flow and the firm must issue new shares of stock. Qualitatively speaking, what will happen to the WACC? No numbers are required to answer this question. 16P During the last few years, Jana Industries has been too constrained by the high cost of capital to make many capital investments. Recently, though, capital costs have been declining, and the company has decided to look seriously at a major expansion program proposed by the marketing department. Assume that you are an assistant to Leigh Jones, the financial vice president. Your first task is to estimate Jana’s cost of capital. Jones has provided you with the following data, which she believes may be relevant to your task: The firm’s tax rate is 40%. The current price of Jana’s 12% coupon, semiannual payment, noncallable bonds with 15 years remaining to maturity is $1,153.72. Jana does not use short-term interest-bearing debt on a permanent basis. New bonds would be privately placed with no flotation cost. The current price of the firm’s 10%, $100 par value, quarterly dividend, perpetual preferred stock is $116.95. Jana would incur flotation costs equal to 5% of the proceeds on a new issue. Jana’s common stock is currently selling at $50 per share. Its last dividend (D0) was $3.12, and dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate of 5.8% in the foreseeable future. Jana’s beta is 1.2, the yield on T-bonds is 5.6%, and the market risk premium is estimated to be 6%. For the own-bond-yield-plus-judgmental-risk-premium approach, the firm uses a 3.2% risk premium. Jana’s target capital structure is 30% long-term debt, 10% preferred stock, and 60% common equity. To help you structure the task, Leigh Jones has asked you to answer the following questions: (1) What sources of capital should be included when you estimate Jana’s weighted average cost of capital? (2) Should the component costs be figured on a before-tax or an after-tax basis? (3) Should the costs be historical (embedded) costs or new (marginal) costs? What is the market interest rate on Jana’s debt, and what is the component cost of this debt for WACC purposes? 3MC 4MC 5MC 6MC 7MC 8MC 9MC 10MC What procedures can be used to estimate the risk-adjusted cost of capital for a particular division? What approaches are used to measure a division’s beta? 12MC 13MC 14MC

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