Biological Science
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321862167
Author: Scott Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 1, Problem 11TYU
Summary Introduction
To review:
The statements given in the question. Please refer the statement given in the question. that “If the theory of evolution is true..
Introduction:
The theory of evolution states that a gradual change is occurring continuously within the heritable traits over the passing time. To validate this theory, scientists started to trace back the origin of plants and animals on earth and how different the modern world is from the old world. They also started to compare genomes of different species to know that up to what extent one species differ from another on a molecular level and which species are closely related and which are distant.
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Cladograms and phylogenetic trees are both examples of evolutionary trees. While both types contain groups of organisms that descended from a common ancestor, phylogenetic trees are typically constructed in a way where the length of the "branches" and their relation to other organisms on the tree represent the inferred evolutionary change that actually occurred. On the other hand, cladograms typically display "branches" that are of equal distance to one another.The primary purpose of this assignment is for you become comfortable reading evolutionary trees, to accurately determine recent common ancestors, to identify which organisms are extinct (dead), extant (living), and the general relationship genetics plays in the overarching process of evolution.
1. What types of evidence could scientists look at to make an accurate evolutionary tree?
The figure shows a phylogenetic tree of various members of the order Proboscidea, which includes modern elephants. Which of the following claims is best supported by the information in the figure ?
a.The mastodon and the Stegodon diverged from their common ancestor 22 million years ago.
b.The common ancestor of the African elephant and the mastodon is the Palaeomastodon.
c.The mammoth diverged from its most recent common ancestor with African elephants before the mastodon diverged from its most recent common ancestor with Stegodons.
d.The Asian and African elephants are the most closely related species shown on the tree.
Phylogenetic trees are a type of model that can be used to show how organisms are related through common ancestry. The phylogenetic tree model represents nodes numbered 1 through 8.
Using evidence from the phylogenetic tree determine which species would be MOST closely related to the species on branch C?
Question options:
The species on Branch A is most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the most recent common ancestor at node 1.
The species on Branch B is most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the greatest number of common +ancestors.
The species on Branch A & B are both most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the most most recent common ancestor at node 2.
The species on Branches F, G, H, and I are all equally related to the species on branch C because they all split from a common ancestor at the same time which is illustrated by having nodes 2 and 7 at the…
Chapter 1 Solutions
Biological Science
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- The phylogenetic tree for vertebrates depicted below was constructed from sequence data for two rRNA mitochondrial genes (12S and 16S). How do the results of this analysis compare with the phylogenetic trees in Figures 32.10 and 32.24? Identify the major clades of vertebrates on the tree depicted below. Source: R. Zardoya and A. Meyer. 1998. Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 95:1422614231. Copyright 1998 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.arrow_forwardDraw a phylogenetic tree based on characters 1-5 in the table below. Place hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. Assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species and redraw the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate the origin of characters 1-6. How many evolutionary changes are required in each tree? Which tree is most parsimonious? Character Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Tuna Salamander Turtle Leopard Dolphin 1. Backbone 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2. Hinged Jaw 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3. Four Limbs 0 0 0 1 1 1 1* 4. Amnion 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 5. Milk 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6. Dorsal fin 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 *Dolphins have 4 limbs (2 fins and 2 hind limb buds as embryos)arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements best explains the importance of sister taxa for understanding the evolution of ingroup taxa? A) The sister group informs of the likely state of the common ancestor of the ingroup. B) The sister group is composed only of ancestral characters representing a primitive taxon having ancestral states for all characters able to be studied. C) The sister group allows us to infer character state polarity in order to understand how character states have changed during evolution of the ingroup. D) A & B E) A& C F) All of the above.arrow_forward
- Draw a simple phylogenetic tree for two sisters clades with a common ancestor. Each sister clade consists of two taxa. Define the following terms and use to label your diagram: clade, node, branch, common ancestor, and taxon.arrow_forwardSuppose we are sure, because of previous studies, that species 1, 2, and 3 are more closely related to each other than to species 4 (outgroup). We sequence a gene and find ten nucleotide sites that differ among the four species. Draw the most parsimonious tree and label each evolutionary change on the tree (Position – new nucleotide; Example = 8T or 6C). *The answer is below but I do not understand where the numbers or tick marks came from? Could someone explain. For example, why is the 1A on the 2?arrow_forwardA phylogenetic tree is different from a cladogram in that ... Group of answer choices A: it shows that all species are not related to a common ancestor, but each has a distinct archetype. B: it represents the time scale of evolution, including where extinct species fit in. C: it uses an outgroup to compare a small group of species that exhibit similar traits D: it is not based on genetic or morphological evidence.arrow_forward
- Below is an example of a particular kind of phylogenetic tree called a chronogram. Chronoograms are named because the length of the branches represents different lengths of time. Nodes are represented by vertical lines, and branches with horizontal ones. They can be arranged horizontally, with the most recent evolutions on the right. Given this information, the taxa that is most closely related to Dubautia ciliolata c. 529 (highlighted below) is _________________ (make sure to type exactly the same characters, including the numbers; do not italicize).arrow_forwardIn the past, the evolutionary history of whales was represented by cladogram A, shown below. As you can see, whales were believed to be closely related to mesonychids, an extinct group of mammals that looked similar to wolves. Today, that cladogram has been revised, as shown in cladogram B. Which of the following statements best describes the reason for this change? A - Cladograms A and B are hypotheses that changed as new evidence became available.B - Cladogram B was revised to show a water-to-land pattern of evolution in groups of organisms.C - Cladogram B was altered to better include similarities in habitat as new information became available.D - Cladograms are organized today to show a much more simplified pattern like the one shown in cladogram B.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about convergent evolution is true? (a) It demonstrates how similar environments can lead to different physical structures. (b) It demonstrates how similar environments can lead to the same physical structures. (c) It demonstrates that similarity of structures is due to descent from a common ancestor. (d) It demonstrates that similarity of structures is due to random chance.arrow_forward
- Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar way to perform about the same function. Which of the following would suggest that the relationship more likely represents homology instead of convergent evolution? a. The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identicalb. The two species live at great distance from each otherc. The structures in adult members of both species are similar in sized. Both species are well adapted to their respective environmentsarrow_forwardBy comparing DNA sequence of a specific gene, we can determine the evolutionary relationship of two organisms. Based on the sequence listed below, which two species would you expect to be more closely related? Organism No.1 with ATG CAA TAC GCC, organism No. 2 with ATG CAT GAC ACC and organims No. 3 with ATG CAT TAC GCC A. Organims No.2 and No.3 are likely more closely related. b.Organims No.1 and No.2 are likely more closely related. c.Organims No 1 and No.3 are likely more closely related.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is NOT true about evolution? Group of answer choices A-Evolution has been supported by a mounting body of genetic evidence B-Humans share a recent common ancestor with other primates C-The main principle of the theory of evolution is the simple fact that humans evolved from monkeys D-The theory of evolution has been tested and subjected to verification through accumulated evidence (and has not been disproved) E-Evolution can be studied at the microevolutionary or macroevolutionary levelarrow_forward
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