Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259700903
Author: Leland Hartwell Dr., Michael L. Goldberg Professor Dr., Janice Fischer, Leroy Hood Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 1, Problem 15P
Mutations in genes that change their pattern of expression (the time and cell type in which the gene product is produced) are thought to be a major factor in the evolution of different organisms. Would you expect the same protein to work in the same way (for example, to perform the same kind of enzymatic reaction) in two different types of cells (for example, cells in the retina of the eye and muscle cells)? Is it possible that the same protein might function in different biochemical pathways in eye cells and muscle cells even if the protein’s basic mechanism always remains the same?
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Various strains of bacteria are able to transfer genes to eukaryotic hosts. This process of horizontal gene transfer often results in the formation of enzymes in the host organism that assist in metabolic pathways.
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why bacterial genes are able to successfully transfer genes that produce enzymes in eukaryotic cells?
A - Bacteria and Eukarya have similar mechanisms for the formation and use of enzymes in metabolic processes.
B - Bacteria and Eukarya use the same enzymes in all of their metabolic processes so the genes are interchangeable.
C - Bacteria and Eukarya share similar reproductive mechanisms so the cells reproduce without recognizing foreign DNA.
D - Bacteria and Eukarya have the same mechanism for replicating DNA so genes can easily be transferred between the two types of cells.
A codon for leucine is UUA. A mutation causing a single-base substitution in a gene can change this codon in the transcribed mRNA into GUA (valine), AUA (isoleucine), CUA (leucine), UGA (stop), UAA (stop), UCA (serine), UUG (leucine), UUC (phenylalanine), or UUU (phenylalanine). According to the neutral theory of evolution, which of these mutations would you expect to be the most likely to be found within a natural population? Explain.
Which of the following genes is believed to have resulted from a favorable mutation, and has beenhighly conserved for billions of years?A. the gene for antennapedia in fruit fliesB. the gene for sickle-cell anemiaC. the gene for cystic fibrosis in humansD. the gene for histone H4E. the gene for hemophilia in humans
Chapter 1 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Ch. 1 - Choose the phrase from the right column that best...Ch. 1 - If one strand of a DNA molecule has the base...Ch. 1 - The size of one copy of the human genome is...Ch. 1 - Indicate whether each of the following words or...Ch. 1 - a. How many different DNA strands composed of 100...Ch. 1 - RNA shares with proteins the ability to fold into...Ch. 1 - The human protein lactate dehydrogenase shown in...Ch. 1 - a. Are the triplets in the genetic code table...Ch. 1 - Why do scientists think that all forms of life on...Ch. 1 - Why would a geneticist study a yeast cell or a...
Ch. 1 - How can a scientist tell if a protein present in...Ch. 1 - Figure 1.6 shows the amino acid sequences of parts...Ch. 1 - Why do scientists think that new genes arise by...Ch. 1 - Explain how the exon/intron structure of genes...Ch. 1 - Mutations in genes that change their pattern of...Ch. 1 - A single zebrafish gene function was inactivated...Ch. 1 - Different mutations in the WDR62 gene that...Ch. 1 - Researchers have successfully used gene therapy to...Ch. 1 - By the time this book is published, it will likely...
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- Geneticists have found that when they cut out a eukaryotic gene from genomic DNA that they can hybridize one of the strands of that gene to the mRNA for that gene by allowing the strands to hydrogen bond. Why did the appearance of these hybridized strands provide evidence of the existence of introns in eukaryotic genes?arrow_forwardIn order to manufacture insulin for patients with diabetes, scientists create recombinant DNA by inserting a human insulin gene into bacterial DNA and have the bacteria produce human insulin. Based on what you have learned in this unit about gene expression, what must the scientists do to the DNA sequence of the human insulin gene BEFORE inserting it into the bacteria, in order to have them produce the same insulin sequence that humans would produce? Explain.arrow_forwardIf nitrogenous bases (A, G, C, T or U) could polymerize to chains of nucleotides, could this eventually form the structure shown in the figure above? Would an RNA structure that can act as an enzyme, such as the one shown above, have been the result of chemical evolution with competition between replicating RNA molecules? Or was it likely the first RNA molecule that arose from a chain of nitrogenous bases could immediately act as an enzyme?arrow_forward
- Highly conserved genes such as those for ribosomal RNA are present as clearly recognizable relatives in all organisms on Earth; thus, they have evolved very slowly over time. Were such genes “born” perfect?arrow_forwardA scientist observing a cell during gene expression would be able to easily distinguish it as a prokaryotic cell by which of the following observations? Group of answer choices as soon as the DNA introns are removed from the template after the 5' caps are converted to mRNA after a transcription initiation complex has been formed during transcription once the pre-mRNA has been converted to mRNA 2. Which of the following would best ensure that a kidney cell and a liver cell from the same person would express different genes? Group of answer choices differences in introns unique sets of transcription factors they only have specific genes unique sets of promotersarrow_forwardRandom mutations only very rarely result in changes in a protein that improve its usefulness for the cell, yet useful mutations are selected in evolution. Because these changes are so rare, for each useful mutation there are innumerable mutations that lead to either no improvement or inactive proteins. Why, then, do cells not contain millions of proteins that are of no use?arrow_forward
- A scientist observing a cell during gene expression would be able to easily distinguish it as a prokaryotic cell by which of the following observations? Group of answer choices as soon as the DNA introns are removed from the template after the 5' caps are converted to mRNA after a transcription initiation complex has been formed during transcription once the pre-mRNA has been converted to mRNA 2. The following question refers to the pedigree chart in the figure for a family, some of whose members exhibit the dominant trait, W. Affected individuals are indicated by a dark square or circle. What is the probability that individual II-5 is Ww?arrow_forwardYour friend has discovered that the same human promoter is responsible for producing two different proteins. In Kidney cells it is responsible for the production of protein A while in Brain cells it is responsible for the production of Protein B. Your friend has concluded that this promoter must be controlling two different genes. Do you agree or disagree with your friend's conclusion? Explain why or why not. Be sure to describe the molecular events to support your answer.arrow_forwardSome bacteria might be able to respond to environmental stress by increasing the rate at which mutations occur during cell division. How might this be accomplished? Do you think there would be an evolutionary advantage of this ability? Explain.arrow_forward
- suppose that a gene has a mutation that changes one nucleotide. Because of this one nucleotide change, the mRNA produced from this gene has a slightly difference sequence compared to the mRNA produced from the unaltered/non-mutated gene. However, the resulting protein produced from both of these gene versions is exactly the same. This type of mutation would be classified asarrow_forwardMany aspects of gene function can be nicely explained with the one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis, which states that a gene controls the production of an enzyme. Which of the following findings about gene expression, though, requires an expansion of this simple concept? Choose an answer below: Non-enzyme proteins are made from genes too. Some genes code for RNA molecules only. Enzymes composed of different polypeptides are coded for by more than one gene. a and c, but not b a, b, and carrow_forwardExon duplication of multiple alpha-helix coding domains is thought to be responsible for the origin of which vertebrate gene (coding for what is now the most abundant protein in human blood)? the plasminogen gene the albumin gene the urokinase gene the opsin gene the collagen genearrow_forward
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