EBK BIOLOGY
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780134819150
Author: Maier
Publisher: VST
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Chapter 10, Problem 2AAATB
Summary Introduction
To write:
The effects on a cell that undergoes a mutation to its RNA polymerase gene.
Introduction:
The RNA is a type of
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if the following DNA sequence were transcribed, which of the following describes the output of this process?
3'- TCTGGACA-5'
A. This would produce a protein that looks like 5'- A G A C C U G U -3'
B. This would produce a tRNA that looks like 3'- A G AC C U G U -5'
C. This would produce an mRNA that looks like this: 5'- A G AC C U G U -3'
D. This would produce an mRNA that looks like 3'- U C U G G A CA -5'
E. This would produce another strand of DNA that 0ok like 5-AG ACCT GT-3.
..
This is a list of molecular changes that could happen during DNA replication, transcription, mRNA processing, or translation. For each, determine whether or not the change will be passed down through generations of cells after it occurs. Explain your answer.
C->G point mutation in the DNA of a coding region of a gene
A->T point mutation in the noncoding region of a gene
An error in transcription changes the mRNA sequence such that what was an amino acid-coding codon in the DNA sequence is now a stop codon in the mRNA sequence.
An error in translation causes the amino acid alanine (nonpolar) to be replaced by the amino acid glutamic acid (polar and negatively charged).
. Explain why the following statement is true: RNA polymerase copies template DNA in the 3’ to 5’ direction.
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- a. Propose three different mutations to prevent initiation, elongation, and termination of bacterial DNA replication, respectively. Explain how/why each mutation would prevent its respective step. (Hint: mutations can be in genes that encode proteins or regulatory DNA sequences) b. In the early 1900s, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty performed an experiment in bacterial cells to determine whether DNA, RNA, or protein functions as the 'transforming molecule' (i.e. the genetic material). In your own words, how did their experiment (depicted in the figure below) help to answer that question?arrow_forwardHelparrow_forwardHIV causes AIDS by infecting and destroying the immune system. The virus injects RNA into cells and reverse transcribes RNA into DNA using a viral enzyme called HIV-reverse transcriptase (RT, or Pol). RT functions as a DNA polymerase by making polymers of DNA from the viral RNA template. The standard treatment for HIV infection involves targeting the action of RT (in combination with other inhibitors). However, HIV has a high mutation rate, and can develop 'escape' mutations that reduce inhibitor effectiveness. Two such mutations are the K65R (Lys at position 65 is mutated to Arg) and K70E (Lys at position 70 is mutated to Glu) variants. The structures of deoxythymidine (dT) (normal substrate for DNA polymerase and HIV-reverse transcriptase) and AZT, a drug used in the treatment of HIV, are shown below. AZT works by serving as an alternative substrate for RT. Ideally, it is incorporated to the new DNA strand with comparable efficiency. dT AZT NH HO deoxythymidine…arrow_forward
- You are a research scientist working in genetic engineering. You create a piece of DNA that you want to express in E. coli, a prokaryote. This piece of DNA consists of a bacterial promoter, a ribosome binding sequence (RBS), a eukaryotic gene and a terminator sequence. Do you think that this piece of DNA would be expressed if placed into an E. coli cell that contains all the machinery needed for gene expression?arrow_forwardThe Human Genome Project showed that human DNA is not considerably bigger than much simpler organisms, with about 30,000 total genes. However, humans make over 100, 000 different proteins. How is this possible? (Hint: think about splicing.)arrow_forwardAmino acid sequences from a cell cycle control protein from a patient with cancer and a healthy person are aligned. The sequence from the cancer patient indicates one amino acid has changed from phenylalanine (Phe) to leucine (Leu). A mutation in the cancer patient's DNA must have taken place. Identify the result of this DNA change in the mRNA codon that led to this change in the protein sequence. Use the codon table to help you. UUU altered to UUA CAA altered to UUU UUU altered to UAUarrow_forward
- . You are interested in a eukaryotic protein involved in immunity, and you are attempting to express this protein in E. coli in order to produce large amounts of the protein. You have identified the gene and place a copy of the gene on a plasmid in E. coli next to a bacterial promoter sequence. You determine that lots of mRNA is made from your gene in your E. coli system, but the protein produced is larger and doesn't have the same properties as the eukaryotic protein you expected. What mistake have you made and how can you fix it?arrow_forwardA certain template DNA strand has the following nucleotide sequence: 3’-TACTCGATGCTGTGCGAT-5’ a) What would be the nucleotide sequence of the complementary nontemplate DNA strand? What is this process called and where does this occur in the eukaryotic cell? b) Take the template strand through the process of transcription. What is the resulting strand called and where does this process occur in a eukaryotic cell. c) Take the template strand through the process of translation including the location in the cell. You should finish with a polypeptide chain. You will need to use the Genetic code found in your notes/bookarrow_forwardExplain how a mutagen can interfere with DNA replication to cause a mutation. Give two examples.arrow_forward
- Geneticists have found that when they cut out a eukaryotic gene from genomic DNA that they can hybridize one of the strands of that gene to the mRNA for that gene by allowing the strands to hydrogen bond. Why is it sometimes claimed that alternative splicing of exons from a single gene results in a set of proteins of related function?arrow_forwardConsider the following sequence of DNA: 3'-TTA CGG-5'What dipeptide is formed from this DNA after transcription and translation? b. If a mutation converts CGG to CGT in DNA, what dipeptide is formed? c. If a mutation converts CGG to CCG in DNA, what dipeptide is formed? d. If a mutation converts CGG to AGG in DNA, what dipeptide is formed?arrow_forward. An RNA polymerase is transcribing a segment of DNA that contains the following sequence: 5’-GTAACGGATC-3’ 3’-CATTGCCTAC-5’ If the polymerase transcribes this sequence from left-to-right, what will the sequence of the RNA be? What will the RNA sequence be if the polymerase transcribes right-to-left?arrow_forward
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