EBK CAMPBELL BIOLOGY
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780136539414
Author: Reece
Publisher: VST
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Chapter 11, Problem 13TYU
SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE
There are five basic tastes—sour, salty, sweet, bitter, and "umami." Salt is detected when the concentration of salt outside of a taste bud cell is higher than that inside of it, and ion channels allow the passive leakage of Na+ into the cell. The resulting change in membrane potential (seeConcept 7.4) sends the "salty" signal to the brain. Umami is a savory taste generated by glutamate (glutamicacid, found in monosodium glutamate, or MSG), which is used as a flavor enhancer in foods such as taco-flavored tortilla chips. The glutamate reeeptor is a GPCR, which, when bound, initiates a signaling pathway that ends with a cellular response, pereeived by you as "taste." If you eat a regulär potato chipand then rinse your mouth, you will no longer taste salt. But if you eat a flavored tortilla chip and then rinse, the taste persists. (Try it!) Proposea possiblc explanation for this difference.
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Identify the similarity between sweet receptors and bitter receptors. Choose the correct option.
O a. Both are G-protein-coupled receptors
O b. Both are expressed in the same taste cell
O c. Both stimulate the same gustatory axon
O d. Both use T1R2 and T1R3 receptor proteins
+
QUESTION 19
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QUESTION 20
Identify which of the following best describes the central taste pathways. Choose the correct option.
O a. Axons of all 12 cranial nerves terminate in the gustatory nucleus of the brain stem, which projects to the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the
thalamus, which in turn sends axons to the primary gustatory cortex and the insula
O b. Axons of three cranial nerves terminate in the gustatory nucleus of the brain stem, which projects to the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the
thalamus, which in turn sends axons to the primary gustatory cortex and the insula
O c. Axons of all 12 cranial nerves terminate in the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus,…
Which of the following taste recognition is mediated by GPCRs?
Bitter
Umami
Sweet
Sour
Salty
1) The olfactory receptor neurons in frogs resemble those of mammals, in that
they express olfactory receptors that are coupled to a G protein. When the G
protein is activated, it activates an adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP, which then
opens cyclic-AMP gated cation channels in the plasma membrane. The opening of
these channels depolarizes the membrane, leading to the production of an action
potential. Your friend is interested in why neurons stop responding to an odor
after prolonged exposure to it, a process called adaptation. He has conducted
experiments examining the depolarization of the olfactory receptor neuron, the
binding of odorant to the receptor, the activation of the G protein, the levels of
CAMP in the cell, and the phosphorylation of adenylyl cyclase. His results are
summarized in Table 1.
depolarization of neuron?
odorant binding to receptor?
activation of the G protein?
CAMP levels in the cell?
adenylyl cyclase phosphorylation?
no odor
no
no
no
low
no
Table 1
brief…
Chapter 11 Solutions
EBK CAMPBELL BIOLOGY
Ch. 11.1 - Explain how signaling is involved in ensuring that...Ch. 11.1 - In liver cells, glycogen Phosphorylase acts in...Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.2 - Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a water-soluble...Ch. 11.2 - WHAT IF? What would the effect be if a cell made...Ch. 11.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How is ligand binding similar to...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 4CCCh. 11.3 - What is a protein kinase, and what is its role in...Ch. 11.3 - When a signal transduction pathway involves a...Ch. 11.3 - What is the actual signal that is being transduced...
Ch. 11.3 - WHAT IF? If you exposed a cell to a ligand that...Ch. 11.4 - How can a targct cell's response to a single...Ch. 11.4 - WHAT IF? If two cells have different scaffolding...Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.5 - Give an example of apoptosis during embryonic...Ch. 11.5 - WH AT IF? If apoptosis occurred when it should...Ch. 11 - What determines whether a cell responds to a...Ch. 11 - How are the structures of a GPCR and an RTK...Ch. 11 - What is the difference between a protein kinase...Ch. 11 - What mechanisms in the cell terminale its response...Ch. 11 - What is an explanation for the similarities...Ch. 11 - Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of...Ch. 11 - The activation of receptor tyrosinc kinases is...Ch. 11 - Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as...Ch. 11 - Consider this pathway: epinephrine G...Ch. 11 - Apoptosis involves all but which of the following?...Ch. 11 - Which Observation suggestcd to Sutherland the...Ch. 11 - Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with...Ch. 11 - DRAW IT Draw the following apoptotic pathway,...Ch. 11 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Identify the evolutlonary...Ch. 11 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 11 - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY The aging process...Ch. 11 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION The properties...Ch. 11 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE There are five basic...
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- Many diabetic patients are warned by their doctors to test their glucose levels by pricking the sides of their fingers rather than the pads. Pricking the sides avoids stimulating which receptor? Krause end bulbs Meissner’s corpuscles Ruffini ending Nociceptorsarrow_forwardCompare the mechanisms of the receptor molecules for salty and sour taste; the taste-receptor molecules for sweetness, bitterness, and umami; and odor-receptor molecules (Indicate if a given sense uses a GPCR, an ion channel etc and how the downstream signal might be different). Drawing is good for this type of question.arrow_forwardIn most neurons, membrane depolarization leads to the opening of voltage-dependent ion channels, generation of an action potential, and, ultimately, an influx of Ca2+, which causes release of neurotransmitter at the axon terminus. Devise a cellular strategy by which hyperpolarization in rod cells could produce excitation of the visual pathway and passage of visual signals to the brain. (Hint: The neuronal signaling pathway in higher organisms consists of a series of neurons that relay information to the brain. The signal released by one neuron can be either excitatory or inhibitory to the following, postsynaptic neuron.)arrow_forward
- Caffeine is an inhibitor of the enzyme phosphodiesterase. Predict what caffeine will do to my heart rate -- Support with the correct physiological mechanism And you may ask yourself "Well....how did I get to membrane potentials?" If caffeine were applied to the retina, what would happen. Include the mechanism we covered on how you detect lightarrow_forwardPart A Which of the following statements about pain-relief substances is correct? View Available Hint(s) O Endorphins are synthetic pain-killers. O Met-enkephalin has pain-killing ability because of its structural similarity to morphine. O Many natural pain-killing polypeptides are ideal for medical use. O Receptors of opium derivatives are found in all body cells. Submitarrow_forwardExplain why some taste receptor cells and all olfactoryreceptor cells use G protein-coupled receptors, yet onlyolfactory receptor cells produce action potentials.arrow_forward
- 1. Protein anions have a charge. However, they do not move across the membrane to produce changes in RMP. Why? 2. At the molecular level, what causes the absolute refractory period? 3. At the molecular level, what is different during the relative refractory period? 4. What would happen if Na+ channels opened and stayed open? 5. How is stimulus intensity coded in APs? 6. What effect does AP frequency have on NT release?arrow_forwardwhy would someone who has a damaged esophagous due to acid feel pain on his heart and back? nociceptors have a lot of myelin so any little injury is going to lead to fast signals and a lot of pain neurons from vesicular organs and the soma synapse on the same interneurons nociceptors from vesicular tissue synapse on non-specific asending pathways, so the pain in one neuron will cause pain in all.arrow_forwardMany odorant molecules are highly hydrophobic and concentrate within the olfactory epithelium. They would give a persistent signal independent of their concentration in the environment if they were not rapidly modified. Propose a mechanism for converting hydrophobic odorants into watersoluble derivatives that can be rapidly eliminated.arrow_forward
- Outline the neurochemical transmission and inhibition of pain. Then using the gate-control theory, devise a plan to minimize pain during your next visit to the dentist.arrow_forwardMiraculin is a chemical that causes your sweet taste receptors to be incorrectly activated by H* ions. In the presence of miraculin, what taste would your brain now perceive if you ate something with a low pH (many H")? Bitter Umami Salty Sweet No taste is perceivedarrow_forwardIn the sensory pathway for taste The second order neurons go to the limbic system Taste information is carried by the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus cranial nerves All of these are correct The receptor cells are the first–order neuronsarrow_forward
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