Chapter 12, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a. reciprocal translocation	1. lacking one or more chromosomes or having one or more extra chromosomes
b. gynandromorph	2. movement of short DNA elements
c. pericentric	3. having more than two complete sets of chromosomes
d. paracentric	4. exact exchange of parts of two nonhomologous chromosomes
e. euploids	5. excluding the centromere
f. polyploidy	6. including the centromere
g. transposition	7. having complete sets of chromosomes
h. aneuploids	8. mosaic combination of male and female tissue

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “reciprocal translocation” among the options given below.

1. lacking one or more chromosomes or having one or more extra chromosomes

2. movement of short DNA elements

3. having more than two complete sets of chromosomes

4. exact exchange of parts of two nonhomologous chromosomes

5. excluding the centromere

6. including the centromere

7. having complete sets of chromosomes

8. mosaic combination of male and female tissue

Introduction:

When the segments of the chromosomes move to the new part or location in the chromosomal segments, it is called translocation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Reciprocal translocation: Exact exchange of parts of two nonhomologous chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

There are many types of chromosomal aberration, such as duplication, deletion, and many more. Translocation is also an important type of chromosomal aberration in which the chromosome segment moves to a new location within the genome.

The pair of chromosomes that have genes with different alleles are termed as non-homologous chromosomes. Reciprocal translocation is a type of translocation in which chromosome segments are exchanged between two non-homologous chromosomes.

Thus, the term that is most appropriate for “exact exchange of parts of two nonhomologous chromosomes” is reciprocal translocation.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gynandromorph” among the options given below.

1. lacking one or more chromosomes or having one or more extra chromosomes

2. movement of short DNA elements

3. having more than two complete sets of chromosomes

4. exact exchange of parts of two nonhomologous chromosomes

5. excluding the centromere

6. including the centromere

7. having complete sets of chromosomes

8. mosaic combination of male and female tissue

Introduction:

Tissue of the male and female can be represented in the mosaic combination and leads to the production of gynandromorph.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gynandromorph: Mosaic combination of male and female tissue

Explanation of Solution

There are certain chances that the female loses an X chromosome during mitosis. This leads to the production of gynandromorph. The mosaic combination of equal amount of male and female tissues is termed as gynandromorphy. Thus, the term that describes “mosaic combination of male and female tissue” is gynandromorph.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pericentric” among the options given below.

1. lacking one or more chromosomes or having one or more extra chromosomes

2. movement of short DNA elements

3. having more than two complete sets of chromosomes

4. exact exchange of parts of two nonhomologous chromosomes

5. excluding the centromere

6. including the centromere

7. having complete sets of chromosomes

8. mosaic combination of male and female tissue

Introduction:

Various types of inversions of chromosomes can be seen depending on the inclusion or exclusion of the centromere.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pericentric: Including the centromere

Explanation of Solution

The inversion in which the centromere is present outside the inversion loop is called a pericentric inversion. This type of inversion includes the centromere. Thus, the term that describes “including the centromere” is termed as pericentric.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “paracentric” among the options given below.

1. lacking one or more chromosomes or having one or more extra chromosomes

2. movement of short DNA elements

3. having more than two complete sets of chromosomes

4. exact exchange of parts of two nonhomologous chromosomes

5. excluding the centromere

6. including the centromere

7. having complete sets of chromosomes

8. mosaic combination of male and female tissue

Introduction:

Various types of inversions of chromosomes can be seen depending on the inclusion or exclusion of the centromere.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Paracentric: Excluding the centromere

Explanation of Solution

Inversion is a region in the chromosome that is caused by two breaks. These breaks rotate some part of the chromosome to 180° and form a loop-like structure, which is called the inversion loop. Paracentric and pericentric are the two different types of inversions.

The inversion in which the centromere is present outside the inversion loop is called a paracentric inversion. Thus, the term that describes “excluding the centromere” is paracentric.

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “euploids” among the options given below.

1. lacking one or more chromosomes or having one or more extra chromosomes

2. movement of short DNA elements

3. having more than two complete sets of chromosomes

4. exact exchange of parts of two nonhomologous chromosomes

5. excluding the centromere

6. including the centromere

7. having complete sets of chromosomes

8. mosaic combination of male and female tissue

Introduction:

Cells that are made up of complete set of chromosomes can be defined as the euploid cells.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Euploids: Having complete sets of chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

Chromosomes are the “thread-like” structures present in the genetic material. They contain genes and histone proteins. The cells that have a complete set of chromosomes are called euploids. Thus, the term that describes “having complete sets of chromosomes” is euploids.

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “polyploidy” among the options given below.

1. lacking one or more chromosomes or having one or more extra chromosomes

2. movement of short DNA elements

3. having more than two complete sets of chromosomes

4. exact exchange of parts of two nonhomologous chromosomes

5. excluding the centromere

6. including the centromere

7. having complete sets of chromosomes

8. mosaic combination of male and female tissue

Introduction:

An individual might be having more than normal set of chromosomes. Such organisms are referred to as polyploids.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Polyploidy: Having more than two complete sets of chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

The chromosomes are the structures that have DNA and histone proteins. They are present within the nucleus. The cells that have more than two complete sets of chromosomes are called polyploidy. Thus, the polyploidy is the term that describes “having more than two complete sets of chromosomes.”

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “transposition” among the options given below.

1. lacking one or more chromosomes or having one or more extra chromosomes

2. movement of short DNA elements

3. having more than two complete sets of chromosomes

4. exact exchange of parts of two nonhomologous chromosomes

5. excluding the centromere

6. including the centromere

7. having complete sets of chromosomes

8. mosaic combination of male and female tissue

Introduction:

Transposition is also a type of chromosomal aberration. In this type of aberration, segments of DNA move from one place to another.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Transposition: Movement of short DNA elements

Explanation of Solution

There are many types of chromosomal aberration, such as duplication, deletion, and many more. Translocation is also an important type of chromosomal aberration in which the chromosome segment moves to a new location within the genome. The process by which the short fragments of DNA move from one location to another is termed as transposition.

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “aneuploids” among the options given below.

1. lacking one or more chromosomes or having one or more extra chromosomes

2. movement of short DNA elements

3. having more than two complete sets of chromosomes

4. exact exchange of parts of two nonhomologous chromosomes

5. excluding the centromere

6. including the centromere

7. having complete sets of chromosomes

8. mosaic combination of male and female tissue

Introduction:

Aneuploidy can be defined as the gain or loss of one or more chromosomes.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Aneuploids: Lacking one or more chromosomes or having one or more extra chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

Certain cells show chromosome aberrations. They either lack one or more chromosomes, or they have one or more extra chromosomes. They do not have an exact number of complete chromosomes. The process by which cells lack one or more chromosomes or have one or more extra chromosome is termed as aneuploidy.