Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134605197
Author: Dee Unglaub Silverthorn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 12, Problem 32RQ
Summary Introduction
To determine: The mode of action of the poison-curare.
Introduction: Curare is a South American Indian arrow poison. In an experiment, when curare is placed on a nerve-muscle preparation, the muscle does not contract when the nerve is stimulated. The contraction does not happen even when there is a release of neurotransmitter from the nerve.
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When curare, a neuromuscular poison, is dropped onto an isolated muscle-nerve preparation in a laboratory, the muscle does not contract when the nerve is stimulated, even though neurotransmitter is released from the nerve cell. Why does this happen? How might this action of curare be lethal to an individual who has been poisoned?
Why is it important to remove acetylcholine from its binding to acetylcholine receptors once the neural stimulus ends? What can be the possible consequence of the non-removal of acetylcholine to the skeletal muscle fiber?
In theory, could a muscle cell get away with having only acetylcholine-gated cation channels, which would serve the dual purpose of receiving neurotransmitter signals and propagating action potentials? Why or why not?
Chapter 12 Solutions
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
Ch. 12.1 - Identify as many pairs of antagonistic muscle...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 4CCCh. 12.1 - What are the three anatomical elements of a...Ch. 12.1 - What is the chemical signal at a neuromuscular...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 7CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 8CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 9CCCh. 12.1 - Name an elastic fiber in the sarcomere that aids...
Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 11CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 12CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 13CCCh. 12.1 - According to the convention for naming enzymes,...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 15CCCh. 12.1 - Prob. 16CCCh. 12.1 - Summation in muscle fibers means that the...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 18CCCh. 12.1 - Which type of runner would you expect to have more...Ch. 12.1 - What is the response of a muscle fiber to an...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 21CCCh. 12.2 - One study found that many world-class athletes...Ch. 12.3 - What is the response of a muscle fiber to an...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 24CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 25CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 26CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 27CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 28CCCh. 12.3 - What happens to contraction if a smooth muscle is...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 30CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 31CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 32CCCh. 12.3 - How can a neuron alter the amount of...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 34CCCh. 12.3 - Prob. 35CCCh. 12 - The three types of muscle tissue found in the...Ch. 12 - Which two muscle types are striated?Ch. 12 - Which type of muscle tissue is controlled only by...Ch. 12 - Arrange the following skeletal muscle components...Ch. 12 - The modified endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal...Ch. 12 - Prob. 6RQCh. 12 - Prob. 7RQCh. 12 - List six proteins that make up the myofibrils....Ch. 12 - List the letters used to label the elements of a...Ch. 12 - Briefly explain the functions of titin and...Ch. 12 - During contraction, the __________ band remains a...Ch. 12 - Explain the sliding filament theory of...Ch. 12 - Explain the roles of troponin, tropomyosin, and...Ch. 12 - Which neurotransmitter is released by somatic...Ch. 12 - What is the motor end plate, and what kinds of...Ch. 12 - Prob. 16RQCh. 12 - Prob. 17RQCh. 12 - Prob. 18RQCh. 12 - The basic unit of contraction in an intact...Ch. 12 - The two functional types of smooth muscle are...Ch. 12 - Prob. 21RQCh. 12 - Prob. 22RQCh. 12 - Prob. 23RQCh. 12 - Define muscle fatigue. Summarize factors that...Ch. 12 - Prob. 25RQCh. 12 - Prob. 26RQCh. 12 - Prob. 27RQCh. 12 - What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in...Ch. 12 - Compare and contrast: a. fast-twitch...Ch. 12 - Prob. 30RQCh. 12 - One way that scientists study muscles is to put...Ch. 12 - Prob. 32RQCh. 12 - On the basis of what you have learned about muscle...Ch. 12 - Prob. 34RQCh. 12 - Prob. 35RQ
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- When the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) binds the acetylcholine receptor (a GPCR) on muscle cells, it causes them to contract. ZIGGY, a chemical analog of ACh, also binds to the same acetylcholine receptor on muscle cells, but instead causes the muscle cells to relax. For this reason, it is sometimes prescribed as a muscle relaxer. Explain in 3-4 sentences how ZIGGY could cause muscle relaxation. How can both ZIGGY and ACh bind the same GPCR? And then how can they have different effects on the cells, despite binding to the same receptor on the same cells?arrow_forwardCaffeine prolongs the life span of acetylcholine molecules in the motor junctions. Explain how this fact is related to caffeine’s tendency to cause jitters, such as hand tremors and other small involuntary contractions.arrow_forwardBoth the withdrawal reflex and the Golgi tendon reflex involve sensory signals that ultimately control the same type ofmotor neurons and both are protective. Explain how one reflex can cause muscle contraction while the other causes musclerelaxation.arrow_forward
- Motor neurons release what type of neurotransmitter onto the motor end plate of skeletal muscles? What effect does this neurotransmitter have on the postsynaptic membrane?arrow_forwardThe subtractive technique that uses nerve stimulation at two points and subtracting the difference between the two recorded latencies (time from stimulation to muscle contraction) gives a more accurate estimate of motor conduction velocity than stimulating the nerve at one point and measuring the time it takes for the muscle to contract. Which of the following statements best describes the reason why the subtractive techniques is more accurate? The subtractive technique is more accurate because it takes into account the delay caused by the electrical resistance of the recording electrodes, which adds to the recorded delay. The subtractive technique is more accurate because it takes into account the delay caused by synaptic transmission from the axon terminals to the muscle fibres. The subtractive technique is more accurate because it takes into account the slower conduction speed of the small unmyelinated axon endings that slow down nerve conduction…arrow_forwardIn light of the “all or none” law of muscle contraction, how can you explain twitch recruitment (also called the graded response) when stimulating the muscle versus stimulating the nerve? Explain the difference in stimulation voltage required to elicit a maximum response when stimulating the nerve versus the muscle directly?arrow_forward
- In the rare neuromuscular disorder Myasthenia Gravis, autoantibodies are produced which inhibit acetylcholine receptor (nicotinic receptor) activity. Explain how inhibition of acetylcholine receptor activity at the neuromuscular junction will affect the sequence of events in muscular excitation and contraction in response to stimuli, and muscle function? (Mention the effects on all the significant events involved in excitation and contraction of muscles, and how it would affect muscle function).arrow_forwardDescribe the functions of gamma motor neurons and explain why they are stimulated at the same time as alpha motor neurons during voluntary muscle contractions.arrow_forwardWhy does Neostigmine cause an increase in the twitch tension when the nerve is stimulated and not when the muscle is stimulated?arrow_forward
- In the process called "excitation-contraction coupling" (the events that lead up to a muscle cell's contraction), what part of this process is disrupted by death? (Actually, all of it is disrupted by death, but we can pinpoint a linkage between death, and the onset of rigor mortis--as well as explaining why rigor mortis eventually ends.)arrow_forwardIf a patient was bitten by a poisonous spider (black widow) and the effects of its venom occurred at the neuromuscular junction in the peripheral nervous system, what neurotransmitter would be affected by this venom? And explain the mechanism of action of how the venom is a direct antagonist to this neurotransmitter.arrow_forwardDescribe the effect of the botulinum toxin, which inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Would the poison curare, which competes for acetylcholine receptors (by attaching to the acetylcholine receptors and preventing acetylcholine from binding) have a similar effect? Explainarrow_forward
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