Many years ago, some researchers reported that they could transfer learning from one animal (a flatworm) to another by feeding trained animals to untrained animals. Further, they claimed that RNA was the active molecule of learning. Given your knowledge of the roles of RNA and protein in cells, do you think that a specific memory (for example, remembering the base sequences of codons of the genetic code) could be encoded by a specific molecule of RNA and that this RNA molecule could transfer that memory to another person? In other words, in the future, could you learn biology by popping an RNA pill? If so, how would this work? If not, can you propose a reasonable hypothesis for the results with
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Biology: Life on Earth (11th Edition)
- Use the codon table , shown in image, to determine the codons used to code for each amino acid indicated by a number. For each amino acid, choose the best response below. a. An example of an amino acid that is coded by only one specific sequence b. An example of an amino acid that is coded by more than just a set of codons with a third nucleotide "wobble" c. An example of an amino acid that demonstrates "wobble" in its codonsarrow_forwardBased on the information provided in Figure 22.21, what would be the likely effect of a mutation that prevented the formation of memory cells?arrow_forwardWhich amino acid(s) have the most codons? Which amino acid(s) have the fewest codons? Can you think of a reason why multiple codons code for certain amino acids but other amino acids are coded for by very few codons?arrow_forward
- How is translation different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. In prokaryotes, because they do not have a nucleus, the translation of mRNA occurs while it is being transcribed b. In prokaryotes, pre-mRNA translation before transcription occurs within the cell c.In prokaryotes, reverse trancriptase simultaneously translates and transcribes mRNAd.In prokaryotes, functional mRNA allows for translation to be skipped, and proteins are made during transcriptionarrow_forwardResearchers are designing and testing antisense drugs as therapies for a variety of diseases, including cancer, AIDS, diabetes, and muscular dystrophy. The drugs are also being tested to fight infection by deadly viruses such as Ebola. Antisense drugs consist of short RNA strands complementary in sequence to mRNAs that form during the progression of a disease. How do you think these drugs work?arrow_forwardIs mRNA +sense, –sense, or a mixture of the 2? What about DNA? Which best describes the template strand used by cellular RNA polymerase?arrow_forward
- Which of the following is the best description of a transcription factor? A. A protein that brings the correct nucleotides to RNA polymerase B. A protein that binds to specific DNA sequences C. A DNA sequence that binds to RNA polymerase D. A modification that is made to mRNA to help it be exported from the nucleus. .arrow_forwardIf you were to design an epigenetic experiment, how would you design one? Keep in mind a good experiment should have a strong, testable hypothesis, an overall goal, and expected results. What did agouti mice elucidate about how epigenetics are functioning? How does the structure of DNA change how genes are expressed? What are the different epigenetic modifications and what do they do?arrow_forwardif the following DNA sequence were transcribed, which of the following describes the output of this process? 3'- TCTGGACA-5' A. This would produce a protein that looks like 5'- A G A C C U G U -3' B. This would produce a tRNA that looks like 3'- A G AC C U G U -5' C. This would produce an mRNA that looks like this: 5'- A G AC C U G U -3' D. This would produce an mRNA that looks like 3'- U C U G G A CA -5' E. This would produce another strand of DNA that 0ok like 5-AG ACCT GT-3. ..arrow_forward
- Explain how knowledge translation occurs ?arrow_forwardAccording to the adaptor hypothesis, is each the following statementstrue or false?A. The sequence of an anticodon in a tRNA directly recognizes acodon sequence in mRNA, with some allowance for wobble.B. The amino acid attached to the tRNA directly recognizes acodon sequence in mRNA.C. The amino acid attached to the tRNA affects the binding of thetRNA to a codon sequence in mRNA.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about RNA processing in eukaryotes is INCORRECT? A. The excision of introns from pre-mRNA is the only modification required to produce a mature mRNA. B. A protein/RNA complex is used to remove introns from the pre-mRNA. C. A poly A tail is added on to the 3′ end of the mRNA. D. A 7-methylguanosine cap is added on to the 5′end of the mRNA. E. Modification occurs in the nucleus.arrow_forward
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