Inquiry into Life
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259426162
Author: Sylvia S. Mader Dr., Michael Windelspecht
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 13, Problem 1TC
Some organisms, such as invertebrates, have no lymphocytes and thus lack an adaptive system, but they have some components of an innate immune system, including phagocytes and certain protective proteins. What are some general features of innate immunity that make it very valuable to organisms lacking more specific antibody- and cell-mediated responses? What are some disadvantages to having only an innate immune system?
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Some primitive organisms, such as invertebrates, have no lymphocytes and thus lack an adaptive immune system, but they have somecomponents of an innate immune system, including phagocytes andcertain protective proteins. What are some general features of innateimmunity that make it very valuable to organisms lacking more specific antibody- and cell-mediated responses? What are some disadvantages to having only an innate immune system?
What distinguishes constitutive resistance from an induced response? What is the difference between innate and acquired immunity? What evidence is there that acquired immunity exists in organisms other than vertebrates.
Why is innate immunity referred to as nonspecific?
because it is a form of defense found in all animal species
because it provides defense against a wide range of pathogens
because it is a form of defense that functions in all human body systems
because it provides a built-in mechanism of defense that does not require "training"
Chapter 13 Solutions
Inquiry into Life
Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 13.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 13.1 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 13.1 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 13.1 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 13.1 - Prob. 1ACh. 13.1 - Prob. 2ACh. 13.1 - Prob. 3ACh. 13.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 13.2 - Prob. 2LO
Ch. 13.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 13.2 - Prob. 4LOCh. 13.2 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 13.2 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 13.2 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 13.2 - Prob. 4CYPCh. 13.2 - Prob. 4ACh. 13.2 - Prob. 5ACh. 13.2 - Prob. 6ACh. 13.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 13.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 13.3 - Prob. 3LOCh. 13.3 - Prob. 4LOCh. 13.3 - Describe four mechanisms that result in the...Ch. 13.3 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 13.3 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 13.3 - Prob. 4CYPCh. 13.3 - Prob. 7ACh. 13.3 - Prob. 8ACh. 13.3 - Prob. 9ACh. 13.3 - Prob. 10ACh. 13.4 - Prob. 1LOCh. 13.4 - Prob. 2LOCh. 13.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 13.4 - Prob. 1QTCCh. 13.4 - Prob. 2QTCCh. 13.4 - Prob. 3QTCCh. 13.4 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 13.4 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 13.4 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 13.4 - Prob. 4CYPCh. 13.4 - Prob. 11ACh. 13.4 - Prob. 12ACh. 13.5 - Prob. 1LOCh. 13.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 13.5 - Prob. 3LOCh. 13.5 - Prob. 1QTCCh. 13.5 - Prob. 2QTCCh. 13.5 - Prob. 3QTCCh. 13.5 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 13.5 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 13.5 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 13.5 - Prob. 13ACh. 13.5 - Prob. 14ACh. 13.6 - Prob. 1LOCh. 13.6 - Prob. 2LOCh. 13.6 - Prob. 1QTCCh. 13.6 - Prob. 2QTCCh. 13.6 - Prob. 3QTCCh. 13.6 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 13.6 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 13.6 - Prob. 15ACh. 13.6 - Prob. 16ACh. 13 - Prob. S2.7BYBCh. 13 - Section 4.1 What are the roles of proteins in the...Ch. 13 - Prob. S11.5BYBCh. 13 - Why do you think that individuals born with XLA...Ch. 13 - Prob. 2CSCh. 13 - Some organisms, such as invertebrates, have no...Ch. 13 - Prob. 2TCCh. 13 - Prob. 3TC
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- The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection Name the class of molecules that includes antibodies, and name the five groups that make up this class.arrow_forwardWhat is innate immunity? List the four types of barriers which protect the body from the entry of the foreign agents.arrow_forwardIn vertebrates, complement activation generally involves a pathogen recognition step followed by a proteolytic cascade that produces the effector proteins that function in opsonization, membrane attack, and inflammation. Which of these is likely to be the most evolutionarily primitive aspect of the complement system? Which pathway of complement initiation is likely to be the one that most recently evolved?arrow_forward
- How do cytokine barrier provide inmate immunity in humans ?arrow_forwardWhy is innate immunity referred to as nonspecific? Group of answer choices because it provides defense against a wide range of pathogens because it is a form of defense that functions in all human body systems because it is a form of defense found in all animal species because it provides a built-in mechanism of defense that does not require "training"arrow_forwardAcquired or adaptive immunity can be divided in to Natural Active, Natural Passive, Artificial Active, and Artificial Passive Immunity. Which types will lead to long lasting immune protection? Which will provide short term protection?arrow_forward
- If a given B cell produces only one type of antibody, how do organisms produce a great diversity of antibodies?arrow_forwardWhat is the mechanism dendritic cells use to deliver the message about a specific pathogen to the adaptive immune system? (Start from the point where the dendritic cell first encounters the pathogen and end when the message is delivered to a lymphocyte.)arrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT an example of non-specific (innate) resistance mechanisms interacting directly with specific acquired immunity mechanisms? what option below is the answer? Antibodies binding to bacterial surface antigens, coating (opsonizing) the bacteria and enhancing their phagocytosis by leukocytes Macrophages and dendritic cells presenting antigens to lymphocytes None of the other four answers (All are examples of interaction between innate and acquired resistance) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity Complement being activated by antigen-antibody bindingarrow_forward
- Once the antigen presenting cell delivers the message about the identity of the specific pathogen to the adaptive immune system, what is the mechanism of lymphocyte activation to make sure lymphocytes target that specific pathogen or toxin (Specificity)? Why does this process create a slow response during the first exposure of a pathogen?arrow_forwardWhat is the role of antigen-presenting cells and TH cells in triggering/activating adaptive immunity?arrow_forwardThe classical complement pathway is initiated by C1q binding to the surface of a pathogen. In some cases, C1q can directly bind the pathogen, for instance by recognizing proteins of bacterial cell walls, but in most cases C1q binds to IgM antibodies that are bound to the pathogen surface. How does this IgM-binding feature of C1q contribute to rapid, innate immune responses rather than to slow, adaptive responses? C1q induces B lymphocytes to begin secreting antibody within hours of pathogen exposure. Natural antibody that binds to many microbial pathogens is produced prior to pathogen exposure. C1q binds to C-reactive protein which then binds to IgM on the pathogen surface. C1q directly induces inflammation, recruiting phagocytes and antibodies from the blood into the infected tissue. C1q binds to dendritic cells in the infected tissue, inducing them to secrete inflammatory cytokines.arrow_forward
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