Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The direction of Cl- ion through an open channel needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Diazepam is medicine related to benzodiazepine family which mainly acts in producing a calming effect. It is used in anxiety, seizures, and many more things. Its trading name is valium.
(b)
Interpretation:
The effect of Cl- ion opening on the excitability of a neuron needs to be explained.
Concept introduction:
Diazepam is medicine related to benzodiazepine family which mainly acts in producing a calming effect. It is used in anxiety, seizures, and many more things. Its trading name is valium.
(c)
Interpretation:
The number of subunits in the Cl- channel needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Diazepam is medicine related to benzodiazepine family which mainly acts in producing a calming effect. It is used in anxiety, seizures, and many more things. Its trading name is valium.
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BIOCHEMISTRY W/1 TERM ACHEIVE ACCESS
- With the aid of diagrams describe the signalling pathway involving inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate from ligand binding to intracellular effects (65%). In your answer explain how it is synthesised from the membrane phospholipid and, excluding receptor agonists, provide two examples of drugs that modulate activity in the pathway (35%).arrow_forwardEGTA is a chelating agent with high affinity and specificity to Ca2+. By microinjecting a cell with an appropriate EGTA solution, an experimenter can prevent rising cytosolic Ca2+ from rising above 10-7 M. How would EGTA microinjection affect a cell’s response to the ?α-adrenergic and ?β-adenergic pathways?arrow_forwardProvide a diagram of the EPH RECEPTOR B2 (EPHB2) structure. Give bioinformatics structurearrow_forward
- 1E In terms of binding adenylate kinase, the Kd for ATP is ~50 M and the KI for GMP-PCP is ~50 nM. Explain how this may be possible in terms of molecular interactions. Name 4 different types of molecular interactions that may contribute to the increased binding affinity exhibited by GMP-PCP. Please help me in detailsarrow_forwardA series of novel phenadoxone derivatives without mu2 receptor activity (mu2 activity is responsible for physical dependence) proposed to be developed as analgesics is shown below. Addition of which heterocyclic substituent R to phenadoxone is LIKELY to cause the MOST binding of the corresponding derivative to plasma proteins? Use the additivity of approximate estimates of logP to answer this question. phenadoxone derivatives A. Azetidine B. Thiophene C. Oxetane D. Furan E. Pyrrole ترف لي تي في R= -NHarrow_forwardadded ligand concentration of 10 µM is 5 × 10³ s¹. What is the value of the reverse rate constant k_1 = 1 ×10-4 Incorrect Macmillan Learning You have not correctly calculated the value of the reverse rate constant. To begin, calculate the value of k₁ by dividing the rate of receptor-ligand complex formation (the rate of the forward reaction) by the ligand concentration. k₁ = rate forward [L] Then, calculate the value of the reverse rate constant, k_₁, by multiplying the dissociation constant, Kd, and the forward rate constant, k₁. k_1 = Kak₁arrow_forward
- EGTA is a chelating agent that binds to Ca2+ with a high affinity and specificity. An experimenter may prevent increasing cytosolic Ca2+ from climbing over 10-7 M by microinjecting a cell with an adequate EGTA solution. What effect will EGTA microinjection have on the?-adrenergic and?-adenergic pathways in a cell?arrow_forwardWhat is the energy requirement to transport 3 mol of Na+ across the membrane by the Nat-K+ ATPase transporter protein at 37 °C under conditions in which the membrane potential is 70 mV (the inside of the cell is negative relative to the outside) and the ion concentrations are as follows: + [K*]outside = 5 mM [K+Jinside = 140 mM [Na]outside = 150 mM [Na]inside = 10 mM O-41.22 kJ + 13.74 kJ +41.22 kJ O-13.74 kJarrow_forwardThe top panel (a) of this figure shows the graded potential change (far right, upper, electrical trace) that results from ligand binding to the ligand gated Na+ channel. The bottom panel of this figure (b) shows a graded potential change (far right, lower, electrical trace) that results from ligand binding to a ligand gated Cl- channel. From this trace you know (Vm = -70 mV) 1. ECl- is -70 mV 2. ECl- is more negative than -70 mV (i.e., -80 mV) 3. ECl- is more positive than -70 mV (i.e., -60 mV)arrow_forward
- 1. (a) In class thus far, we have focused our membrane transport energetics discussions on the transfer of K+ ions. Of course, in the cell there are other ions that contribute to the overall resting membrane potential (Autotal). To estimate the overall resting membrane potential for the predominant ions present in the cell, we must first calculate the individual resting membrane potential. Using the Nernst equation discussed in class, and the values provided below, calculate A for each ion. lon K+ Na+ Ca²+ CI- [ion] outside cell 6 mM 145 mM 4 mM 90 mM [ion] inside cell 145mM 8 mM 0.001 mM 6 mMarrow_forwardEstimate the binding affi nity of a ligand for its receptor from the followingdata:arrow_forwardPathway analysis: Link the protein names to the correct statements by interrogating the depicted pathway. Options: A. RTK Receptor Threonine Kinase B. GEF Guanidine Exchange Factor C. PLC Phospholipase C D. GAP GTPase Activating Protein E. Gαi F. Raf Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma G. PAK1 p21 Activated Kinase H. WASP Wiscott Aldrich syndrome protein I. RTK Receptor Tyrosine Kinase J. GPCR G-protein Coupled Receptor K. Steroid Receptor L. Phosphatase M. MEK1 (Mitogen-Activated Protein) Kinase/ERK (Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase) Kinase 1 N. AC Adenylyl cyclase O. IP3R IP3 Receptor P. ERK1/2 Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinasearrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage LearningBiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning