Research Methods for Behavioral Sciences - With MindTap
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781337754989
Author: GRAVETTER
Publisher: CENGAGE L
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Textbook Question
Chapter 14, Problem 9E
In general, how does a phase-change design like the ABAB reversal design demonstrate that the treatment (rather than chance or coincidence) is responsible for causing changes in behavior?
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
In regression analysis, what is the main problem caused by heteroskedasticity? Discuss first the nature of hetersokedasticity (explain what that is using an example) and then explain what problem it causes.
This is a hypothetical question:
You run an RCT and there is imperfect compliance. In general, if you compare the people who actually received treatment to people who didn’t, will you recover the causal effect of treatment? Explain. Is there a situation where if you make this comparison that you would recover the causal effect? Is so, what is it? If not, why not?
Thank you very much!
Researchers have noted a decline in cognitive functioning as people age (Bartus, 1990). However, the results from other research suggest that the antioxidant in foods such as blueberries can reduce and even reverse those age-related declines, at least in laboratory rats (Joseph,et al.,1999). Based on these results, one might theorize that the same antioxidants might benefit elderly humans. Suppose a researcher is interested in testing this theory. The researcher obtains a sample of n = 16 adults who are older than 65, and gives and gives each participant a daily dose of blueberry supplement that is very high in antioxidants. After taking the supplement for 6 months, the participants are given a standardized cognitive skills test and produce a mean score of M = 50.2. For the general population of elderly adults scores on the test average μ =45 and form a normal distribution with a σ = 9.
Can the researchers conclude that the supplement significantly increases cognitive skills? Use a…
Chapter 14 Solutions
Research Methods for Behavioral Sciences - With MindTap
Ch. 14.1 - Describe the goal of single-case research and...Ch. 14.1 - Identify the basic elements of a single-case...Ch. 14.2 - Describe the purpose of a phase in a single-case...Ch. 14.2 - Prob. 4LOCh. 14.3 - Describe the structure of an ABAB reversal design...Ch. 14.3 - Identify the strengths and weaknesses of an ABAB...Ch. 14.3 - Explain the circumstances in which an ABAB...Ch. 14.4 - Describe the structure of a multiple-baseline...Ch. 14.4 - Identity and describe the component-analysis...Ch. 14.4 - Identify the strengths and weaknesses of a...
Ch. 14.5 - Identify the general advantages and disadvantages...Ch. 14 - Prob. 1ECh. 14 - Prob. 2ECh. 14 - Traditional statistics (means, variances, and...Ch. 14 - Prob. 4ECh. 14 - Prob. 5ECh. 14 - Prob. 6ECh. 14 - What pattern of results is needed to provide...Ch. 14 - Identify the four phases that make up an ABAB...Ch. 14 - In general, how does a phase-change design like...Ch. 14 - Explain why an ABAB reversal design is...Ch. 14 - Prob. 11ECh. 14 - Prob. 12ECh. 14 - Prob. 13ECh. 14 - How does a multiple-baseline design rule out...Ch. 14 - Suppose (hat a complex therapy procedure contains...Ch. 14 - Prob. 16ECh. 14 - Briefly explain why a clinical psychologist might...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, statistics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Scenario: A researcher wants to study the effects of childhood stress, genetics, and their interaction for predicting aggression in adults. The researcher recruited 40 subjects, 20 reported they had no childhood stress and 20 reported they experienced severe childhood stress. The researcher is specifically interested in looking at the MAOA gene, because different versions of this gene are linked to aggression. The researcher conducts a genetic test and finds that half of subjects in each group have a gene for low MAOA activity and the other half have the gene for high MAOA activity. The researchers have the subjects self-rate their aggressive behavior over the last 6 months. 1. Given the scenario above, what are the null and alternative hypotheses? 2. Experimental design:a. What are the independent and dependent variables in this study? b. How many levels of each independent variable are there? c. What type of factorial ANOVA is this?arrow_forwardResearchers have noted a decline in cognitive functioning as people age (Bartus, 1990). However, the results from other research suggest that the antioxidant in foods such as blueberries can reduce and even reverse those age-related declines, at least in laboratory rats (Joseph,et al.,1999). Based on these results, one might theorize that the same antioxidants might benefit elderly humans. Suppose a researcher is interested in testing this theory. The researcher obtains a sample of n = 16 adults who are older than 65, and gives and gives each participant a daily dose of blueberry supplement that is very high in antioxidants. After taking the supplement for 6 months, the participants are given a standardized cognitive skills test and produce a mean score of M = 50.2. For the general population of elderly adults scores on the test average μ =45 and form a normal distribution with a σ = 9. Can the researchers conclude that the supplement significantly increases cognitive skills? Use a…arrow_forwardResearchers have noted a decline in cognitive functioning as people age (Bartus, 1990). However, the results from other research suggest that the antioxidant in foods such as blueberries can reduce and even reverse those age-related declines, at least in laboratory rats (Joseph,et al.,1999). Based on these results, one might theorize that the same antioxidants might benefit elderly humans. Suppose a researcher is interested in testing this theory. The researcher obtains a sample of n = 16 adults who are older than 65, and gives and gives each participant a daily dose of blueberry supplement that is very high in antioxidants. After taking the supplement for 6 months, the participants are given a standardized cognitive skills test and produce a mean score of M = 50.2. For the general population of elderly adults scores on the test average μ =45 and form a normal distribution with a σ = 9. Can the researchers conclude that the supplement significantly increases cognitive skills? Use a…arrow_forward
- Dairy cattle are cattle that are bred for their ability to produce large quantities of milk. Lameness is a condition that can be detrimental to cattle since it can be painful and result in deleterious effects on the animal’s welfare. It is a condition in which cows have difficulty moving and especially walking. Investigators are interested in whether milk production in dairy cows is associated with whether or not the cow becomes lame. They think that the age of the cow (young or old) may confound and/or modify the relationship between milk production and lameness and so they collect information on the age of the cows as well. The data that cross classifies lame status and milk production status is stratified by age and provided in the tables below. Use SAS to complete each part. (a) Ignoring age, report the estimate for the OR and its corresponding 95% confidence interval. Interpret both. (b) Ignoring age, is milk production associated with lameness? Justify your response using a…arrow_forwardParents are frequently concerned when their child seems slow to begin walking (although when the child finally walks, the resulting havoc sometimes has the parents wishing they could turn back the clock!). An article on this topic reported on an experiment in which the effects of several different treatments on the age at which a child first walks were compared. Children in the first group were given special walking exercises for 12 minutes per day beginning at age 1 week and lasting 7 weeks. The second group of children received daily exercises but not the walking exercises administered to the first group. The third and fourth groups were control groups. They received no special treatment and differed only in that the third group's progress was checked weekly, whereas the fourth group's progress was checked just once at the end of the study. Observations on age (in months) when the children first walked are shown in the accompanying table. Age n Total Treatment 1 9.00 9.50…arrow_forwardAppalachian Bear Rescue (ABR) is a not-for-profit organization located near the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. ABR's programs include the rehabilitation of orphaned and injured black bears, as well as research and education about Appalachian black bears. ABR provides the most natural environment possible for rehabilitating black bears before their release back into the wild. Recently, Katie Settlage performed a study to learn more about the Appalachian black bear population in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. She and a team of researchers found 68 black bears in the park and took measurements such as paw size, weight, and shoulder height. The stem-and-leaf plots below show the shoulder heights (in centimeters) of the 40 male and 28 female bears from the study. Shoulder Heights (in cm) of Male Bears Shoulder Heights (in cm) of Female Bears 4 9 Key: 4 9 = 49 Key: 5|0 = 50 5 7 8 9 71 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 788 8 123 4 4 5 6 79 90 0 3 6 79 7 8 1 2 3 3 3 33 4 6 7 555 5…arrow_forward
- Which scatterplot shows a nonlinear association?arrow_forwardIn a large metropolitan area, 20% of the commuters currently use the public transportation system, whereas the remaining 80% commute via automobile. The city has recently revitalized and expanded its public transportation system. It is expected that 6 months from now 30% of those who are now commuting to work via automobile will switch to public transportation, and 70% will continue to commute via automobile. At the same time, it is expected that 20% of those now using public transportation will commute via automobile and 80% will continue to use public transportation. (a) Construct the transition matrix for the Markov chain that describes the change in the mode of transportation used by these commuters. P A T = P A (b) Find the initial distribution vector for this Markov chain. X0 = (c) What percentage of the commuters are expected to use public transportation 6 months…arrow_forwardMalak is designing an experiment. In this experiment, he wants know if "learning about sustainable investing" actually causes people to invest more sustainably. He sets up an experiment with two groups: one group receives a course on sustainable investing , the other group does not . Then, over the course of the next 10 years, sustainable investing behavior is measured (so as a researcher Malak keeps track of the participants ' investing behavior with their own money in their life, at yearly intervals , for one decade ). What type of experiment is this ? Solomon four group design longitudinal experiment None of the listed answers is correct one shot case study before -after with control group designarrow_forward
- For 25 years, Arthur Reynolds and Judy Temple tracked more than 1,400 children who participated in a publicly funded early childhood development program beginning at age 3. They found that children who participated in the program showed higher levels of educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and job skills, as well as lower rates of substance abuse, felony arrest, and incarceration, than those who did not receive school-based early education. One possible theory for the success of this program is that improving school readiness improved the children's success in school. The improved success in school in turn improved their readiness for adulthood, resulting in increased job skills and socioeconomic status as well as lower rates of substance abuse.arrow_forwardFor 25 years, Arthur Reynolds and Judy Temple tracked more than 1,400 children who participated in a publicly funded early childhood development program beginning at age 3. They found that children who participated in the program showed higher levels of educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and job skills, as well as lower rates of substance abuse, felony arrest, and incarceration, than those who did not receive school-based early education. One possible theory for the success of this program is that improving school readiness improved the children's success in school. The improved success in school in turn improved their readiness for adulthood, resulting in increased job skills and socioeconomic status as well as lower rates of substance abuse. What is the independent and dependent variable?arrow_forwardIf two variables are associated, does that mean they are necessarily causally related and What info is additionally needed?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Calculus For The Life SciencesCalculusISBN:9780321964038Author:GREENWELL, Raymond N., RITCHEY, Nathan P., Lial, Margaret L.Publisher:Pearson Addison Wesley,Big Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...AlgebraISBN:9781680331141Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURTPublisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Calculus For The Life Sciences
Calculus
ISBN:9780321964038
Author:GREENWELL, Raymond N., RITCHEY, Nathan P., Lial, Margaret L.
Publisher:Pearson Addison Wesley,
Big Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...
Algebra
ISBN:9781680331141
Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT
Publisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Correlation Vs Regression: Difference Between them with definition & Comparison Chart; Author: Key Differences;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ou2QGSJVd0U;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Correlation and Regression: Concepts with Illustrative examples; Author: LEARN & APPLY : Lean and Six Sigma;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTpHD5WLuoA;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY