(a) Interpretation: The molecular orbital that holds the “extra electrons” in allyl anion is to be identified by using the molecular orbital diagram. Concept introduction: An allylic carbocation is a positively charged carbocation which is adjacent to a double bond. This carbocation is considered to be more stable as compared to branched non allylic alkyl carbocation allylic carbocations are stable because of their electronic structures.

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Answer 1

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Chapter 15, Problem 15.25P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The molecular orbital that holds the “extra electrons” in allyl anion is to be identified by using the molecular orbital diagram.

Concept introduction:

An allylic carbocation is a positively charged carbocation which is adjacent to a double bond. This carbocation is considered to be more stable as compared to branched non allylic alkyl carbocation allylic carbocations are stable because of their electronic structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The carbon atom that bears the negative charge is to be identified according to the molecular orbital description.

Concept introduction:

An allylic carbocation is a positively charged carbocation which is adjacent to a double bond. This carbocation is considered to be more stable than branched non allylic alkyl carbocation allylic carbocations are stable because of their electronic structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The same conclusion is to be shown by drawing resonance structures of allyl anion.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structures represent the delocalization of electrons. It is considered as a stabilizing effect. The energy associated with electron delocalization is known as resonance energy

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(a)The concept of hybridization was first proposed by Linus Pauling in 1931, that explain about the concept of mixing orbitals to form new hybrid orbital suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds. Draw the kekule structure of a compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms that has: (1) One sp hybridize carbon, two sp? hybridized carbons and two sp hybridized carbon (ii) Two sp' hybridized carbon and two sp hybridized carbons (ii) Two sp? hybidized carbons and two sp hybydized carbon

The unsaturation number or degree of unsaturation (U) can be used to determine the number of rings and multiple bonds in a compound from its molecular formula. Given a structure, you can determine the number of hydrogens without having to count them explicitly. Consider three compounds and their degree of unsaturation. (a) A compound A has the molecular formula C7H13ClN2OC7⁢H13⁢ClN2O. How many rings and/or π bonds does it contain?

(a) Draw the resonance forms of benzene, cyclobutadiene, and cyclooctatetraene, showingall the carbon and hydrogen atoms.(b) Assuming that these molecules are all planar, show how the p orbitals on the sp2 hybridcarbon atoms form continuous rings of overlapping orbitals above and below the planeof the carbon atoms

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 15.25P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The molecular orbital that holds the “extra electrons” in allyl anion is to be identified by using the molecular orbital diagram.

Concept introduction:

An allylic carbocation is a positively charged carbocation which is adjacent to a double bond. This carbocation is considered to be more stable as compared to branched non allylic alkyl carbocation allylic carbocations are stable because of their electronic structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The carbon atom that bears the negative charge is to be identified according to the molecular orbital description.

Concept introduction:

An allylic carbocation is a positively charged carbocation which is adjacent to a double bond. This carbocation is considered to be more stable than branched non allylic alkyl carbocation allylic carbocations are stable because of their electronic structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The same conclusion is to be shown by drawing resonance structures of allyl anion.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structures represent the delocalization of electrons. It is considered as a stabilizing effect. The energy associated with electron delocalization is known as resonance energy

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 15.25P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The molecular orbital that holds the “extra electrons” in allyl anion is to be identified by using the molecular orbital diagram.

Concept introduction:

An allylic carbocation is a positively charged carbocation which is adjacent to a double bond. This carbocation is considered to be more stable as compared to branched non allylic alkyl carbocation allylic carbocations are stable because of their electronic structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The carbon atom that bears the negative charge is to be identified according to the molecular orbital description.

Concept introduction:

An allylic carbocation is a positively charged carbocation which is adjacent to a double bond. This carbocation is considered to be more stable than branched non allylic alkyl carbocation allylic carbocations are stable because of their electronic structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The same conclusion is to be shown by drawing resonance structures of allyl anion.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structures represent the delocalization of electrons. It is considered as a stabilizing effect. The energy associated with electron delocalization is known as resonance energy

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 15.25P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The molecular orbital that holds the “extra electrons” in allyl anion is to be identified by using the molecular orbital diagram.

Concept introduction:

An allylic carbocation is a positively charged carbocation which is adjacent to a double bond. This carbocation is considered to be more stable as compared to branched non allylic alkyl carbocation allylic carbocations are stable because of their electronic structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The carbon atom that bears the negative charge is to be identified according to the molecular orbital description.

Concept introduction:

An allylic carbocation is a positively charged carbocation which is adjacent to a double bond. This carbocation is considered to be more stable than branched non allylic alkyl carbocation allylic carbocations are stable because of their electronic structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The same conclusion is to be shown by drawing resonance structures of allyl anion.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structures represent the delocalization of electrons. It is considered as a stabilizing effect. The energy associated with electron delocalization is known as resonance energy

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Answer 5

Chapter 15, Problem 15.25P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The molecular orbital that holds the “extra electrons” in allyl anion is to be identified by using the molecular orbital diagram.

Concept introduction:

An allylic carbocation is a positively charged carbocation which is adjacent to a double bond. This carbocation is considered to be more stable as compared to branched non allylic alkyl carbocation allylic carbocations are stable because of their electronic structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The carbon atom that bears the negative charge is to be identified according to the molecular orbital description.

Concept introduction:

An allylic carbocation is a positively charged carbocation which is adjacent to a double bond. This carbocation is considered to be more stable than branched non allylic alkyl carbocation allylic carbocations are stable because of their electronic structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The same conclusion is to be shown by drawing resonance structures of allyl anion.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structures represent the delocalization of electrons. It is considered as a stabilizing effect. The energy associated with electron delocalization is known as resonance energy

Answer 6

Chapter 15, Problem 15.25P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The molecular orbital that holds the “extra electrons” in allyl anion is to be identified by using the molecular orbital diagram.

Concept introduction:

An allylic carbocation is a positively charged carbocation which is adjacent to a double bond. This carbocation is considered to be more stable as compared to branched non allylic alkyl carbocation allylic carbocations are stable because of their electronic structures.

Answer 7

Chapter 15, Problem 15.25P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The molecular orbital that holds the “extra electrons” in allyl anion is to be identified by using the molecular orbital diagram.

Concept introduction:

An allylic carbocation is a positively charged carbocation which is adjacent to a double bond. This carbocation is considered to be more stable as compared to branched non allylic alkyl carbocation allylic carbocations are stable because of their electronic structures.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The carbon atom that bears the negative charge is to be identified according to the molecular orbital description.

Concept introduction:

An allylic carbocation is a positively charged carbocation which is adjacent to a double bond. This carbocation is considered to be more stable than branched non allylic alkyl carbocation allylic carbocations are stable because of their electronic structures.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The carbon atom that bears the negative charge is to be identified according to the molecular orbital description.

Concept introduction:

An allylic carbocation is a positively charged carbocation which is adjacent to a double bond. This carbocation is considered to be more stable than branched non allylic alkyl carbocation allylic carbocations are stable because of their electronic structures.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The same conclusion is to be shown by drawing resonance structures of allyl anion.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structures represent the delocalization of electrons. It is considered as a stabilizing effect. The energy associated with electron delocalization is known as resonance energy

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The same conclusion is to be shown by drawing resonance structures of allyl anion.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structures represent the delocalization of electrons. It is considered as a stabilizing effect. The energy associated with electron delocalization is known as resonance energy

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.1P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.2P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.3P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.4P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.5P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.6P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.7P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.8P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.9P Ch. 15 - Prob. 15.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains the molecular orbital that holds the "extra electrons" in allyl anion.

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Chapter 15 Solutions