College Physics (10th Edition)
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780321902788
Author: Hugh D. Young, Philip W. Adams, Raymond Joseph Chastain
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 16, Problem 10CQ
To determine
The explanation and examples of second law of
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College Physics (10th Edition)
Ch. 16 - Under what conditions will the entropy of a gas...Ch. 16 - In what ways is a heat pump different from (or...Ch. 16 - Prob. 3CQCh. 16 - A growing plant creates a highly complex and...Ch. 16 - Why must a room air conditioner be placed in a...Ch. 16 - If you pour a cup of hot water into a cup of cold...Ch. 16 - How can the thermal conduction of heat from a hot...Ch. 16 - How can the free expansion of a gas into a vacuum...Ch. 16 - Does the second law of thermodynamics say that...Ch. 16 - Prob. 10CQ
Ch. 16 - Prob. 11CQCh. 16 - What would be the efficiency of a Carnot engine...Ch. 16 - The first law of thermodynamics is sometimes...Ch. 16 - Would it be more economical to run a refrigerator...Ch. 16 - An insulated box has a carrier that confines a gas...Ch. 16 - Prob. 2MCPCh. 16 - Carnot engine A operates between temperatures of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 4MCPCh. 16 - Prob. 5MCPCh. 16 - You want to increase the efficiency of a Carnot...Ch. 16 - Prob. 7MCPCh. 16 - You perform 100 J of work on a refrigerator that...Ch. 16 - If you mix cold milk with hot coffee in an...Ch. 16 - A glass of water left outside on a cold night...Ch. 16 - Prob. 11MCPCh. 16 - Prob. 12MCPCh. 16 - A coal-fired power plant that operates at an...Ch. 16 - Each cycle, a certain heat engine expels 250 J of...Ch. 16 - A diesel engine performs 2200 J of mechanical work...Ch. 16 - An aircraft engine has a heat efficiency of e =...Ch. 16 - A certain nuclear power plant has a thermal...Ch. 16 - Figure 16.15 shows a pV diagram for a heat engine...Ch. 16 - The pV diagram in Figure 16.16 shows a cycle of a...Ch. 16 - A gasoline engine. A gasoline engine takes in 1.61...Ch. 16 - A gasoline engine has a power output of 180 kW...Ch. 16 - In one cycle, a freezer uses 785 J of electrical...Ch. 16 - A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 12PCh. 16 - A freezer has a coefficient of performance of...Ch. 16 - A cooing unit for chilling the water of an...Ch. 16 - A Carnot engine whose high-temperature reservoir...Ch. 16 - A heat engine is to be built to extract energy...Ch. 16 - A Carnot engine is operated between two heat...Ch. 16 - A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 59% and...Ch. 16 - An ice-making machine operates as a Carnot...Ch. 16 - A Carnot freezer that runs on electricity removes...Ch. 16 - Set Up: For an engine, W and QH positive and QC is...Ch. 16 - A sophomore with nothing better to do adds heat to...Ch. 16 - A 4.50 kg block of ice at 0.00C falls into the...Ch. 16 - You decide to take a nice hot bath but discover...Ch. 16 - A crucible contains 0.1 kg of liquid lead that is...Ch. 16 - Three moles of an ideal gas undergo a reversible...Ch. 16 - Entropy change due to driving. Premium gasoline...Ch. 16 - Entropy change from a doughnut. A typical doughnut...Ch. 16 - Solar collectors. A well-insulated house of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 30PCh. 16 - An experimental power plant at the Natural Energy...Ch. 16 - Solar water heater. A solar water heater for...Ch. 16 - You are designing a Carnal engine that has 2 mol...Ch. 16 - A heat engine takes 0.350 mol of an ideal diatomic...Ch. 16 - As a budding mechanical engineer, you are called...Ch. 16 - Prob. 36GPCh. 16 - A Carnot engine operates between two heat...Ch. 16 - An engineer is working with a Carnot engine that...Ch. 16 - Human entropy. A person having skin of surface...Ch. 16 - A typical coal-fired power plant generates 1000 MW...Ch. 16 - A human engine. You decide to use your body as a...Ch. 16 - One end of a copper rod is immersed in boiling...Ch. 16 - The pV diagram in Figure 16.19 shows a heat engine...Ch. 16 - Passage Problems Power from the sea. Ocean thermal...Ch. 16 - What is the change in entropy of the ammonia...Ch. 16 - Compare the entropy change of the warmer water to...Ch. 16 - If the proposed plant is built and produces 10 MW...
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- Prepare a table like Table 12.3 for the following occurrence: You toss four coins into the air simultaneously and record all the possible results of the toss in terms of the numbers of heads and tails that can result. (For example, HHTH and HTHH are two possible ways in which three heads and one tail can be achieved.) (a) On the basis of your table, what is the most probable result of a toss? In terms of entropy, (b) what is the most ordered state, and (c) what is the most disordered?arrow_forwardCalculate the increase in entropy of the Universe when you add 20.0 g of 5.00C cream to 200 g of 60.0C coffee. Assume that the specific heats of cream and coffee are both 4.20J/g C.arrow_forwardA great deal of effort, time, and money has been spent in the quest for a so-called perpetual-motion machine, which is defined as a hypothetical machine that operates or produces useful work indefinitely and/or a hypothetical machine that produces mole work or energy than it consumes. Explain, in terms of the first law of thermodynamics, why or why not such a machine is likely to be constructed.arrow_forward
- (a) What is the change in entropy if you start with 100 coins in the 45 heads and 55 tails macrostate, toss them, and get 51 heads and 49 tails? (b) What if you get 75 heads and 25 tails? (c) How much more likely is 51 heads and 49 tails than 75 heads and 25 tails? (d) Dues either outcome violate the second law of thermodynamics?arrow_forward(a) How much heat transfer occurs from 20.0 kg of 90.0C water placed in contact with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water, producing a final temperature of 50.0C ? (b) How much work could a Carnot engine do with this heat transfer, assuming it operates between two reservoirs at constant temperatures of 90.0C and 10.0C ? (c) What increase in entropy is produced by mixing 20.0 kg of 90.0C water with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water? (d) Calculate the amount of work made unavailable by this mixing using a low temperature of 10.0C, and compare it with the work done by the Garnet engine. Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategies for Entropy. (e) Discuss how everyday processes make increasingly more energy unavailable to do work, as implied by this problem.arrow_forwardExplain how water’s entropy can decrease when it freezes without violating the second law of thermodynamics. Specifically, explain what happens to the entropy of its surroundings.arrow_forward
- What is the change in entropy in an adiabatic process? Does this imply that adiabatic processes are reversible? Can a process be precisely adiabatic for a macroscopic system?arrow_forwardIn a cylinder, a sample of an ideal gas with number of moles n undergoes an adiabatic process. (a) Starting with the expression W=PdV and using the condition PV = constant, show that the work done on the gas is W=(11)(PfVfPiVi) (b) Starting with the first law of thermodynamics, show that the work done on the gas is equal to nCV(Tf Ti). (c) Are these two results consistent with each other? Explain.arrow_forwardA 65-g ice cube is initially at 0.0C. (a) Find the change in entropy of the cube after it melts completely at 0.0C. (b) What is the change in entropy of the environment in this process? Hint: The latent heat of fusion for water is 3.33 105 J/kg.arrow_forward
- Explain why a building made of bricks has smaller entropy than the same bricks in a disorganized pile. Do this by considering the number of ways that each could be formed (the number of microstates in each macrostate).arrow_forward(a) What is the change in entropy if you start with 10 coins in the 5 heads and 5 tails macrostate, toss them, and get 2 heads and 8 tails? (b) How much more likely is 5 heads and 5 tails than 2 heads and 8 tails? (Take the ratio of the number of microstates to find out.) (c) If you were betting on 2 heads and 8 tails would you accept odds of 252 to 45? Explain Why or why not. Table 15.5 10Coin Toss MacrostateNumber of Microstates (W) Heads Tails 10 0 1 9 1 10 8 2 45 7 3 120 6 4 210 5 5 252 4 6 210 3 7 120 2 8 45 1 9 10 0 10 1 Total: 1024arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true for the entropy change of a system that undergoes a reversible, adiabatic process? (a) S 0 (b) S = 0 (c) S 0arrow_forward
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