Personal Taxes, Bankruptcy Costs, and Firm Value Overnight Publishing Company (OPC) has $2.5 million in excess cash. The firm plans to use this cash either to retire all of its outstanding debt or to repurchase equity. The firm’s debt is held by one institution that is willing to sell it back to OPC for $2.5 million. The institution will not charge OPC any transaction costs. Once OPC becomes an all-equity firm, it will remain unlevered forever. If OPC does not retire the debt, the company will use the $2.5 million in cash to buy back some of its stock on the open market. Repurchasing stock also has no transaction costs. The company will generate $1,300,000 of annual earnings before interest and taxes in perpetuity regardless of its capital structure. The firm immediately pays out all earnings as dividends at the end of each year. OPC is subject to a corporate tax rate of 35 percent and the required
- a. What is the value of OPC if it chooses to retire all of its debt and become an unlevered 11nn?
- b. What is the value of OPC if is decides to repurchase stock instead of retiring its debt'? (Hint: Use the equation for the value of a levered firm with personal tax on interest income from the previous problem.)
- c. Assume that expected bankruptcy costs have a
present value of $400,000. How does this influence OPC’s decision?
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- Suppose Tefco Corp. has a value of $131 million if it continues to operate, but has outstanding debt of $160 million that is now due. If the firm declares bankruptcy, bankruptcy costs will equal $22 million, and the remaining $109 million will go to creditors. Instead of declaring bankruptcy, management proposes to exchange the firm's debt for a fraction of its equity in a workout. What is the minimum fraction of the firm's equity that management would need to offer to creditors for the workout to be successful? Tefco could offer its creditors% of the firm in a workout. (Round to one decimal place.) Carrow_forwardBird Enterprises has no debt. Its current total value is $50.8 million. Assume debt proceeds are used to repurchase equity. a. Ignoring taxes, what will the company's value be if it sells $20.3 million in debt? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer in dollars, not millions of dollars, round your answer to the nearest whole number, e.g., 1,234,567.) b. Suppose now that the company's tax rate is 24 percent. What will its overall value be if it sells $20.3 million in debt? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer in dollars, not millions of dollars, rounded to the nearest whole number, e.g., 1,234,567.) a. Value of the firm b. Value of the firmarrow_forwardThe Morrit Corporation has $900,000 of debt outstanding, and it pays an interest rate of 8% annually. Morrit's annual sales are $6 million, its average tax rate is 25%, and its net profit margin on sales is 5%. If the company does not maintain a TIE ratio of at least 5 to 1, then its bank will refuse to renew the loan, and bankruptcy will result. What is Morrit's TIE ratio? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to two decimal places.arrow_forward
- A company needs to raise $9 million and issues bonds for that amount rather than additional capital stock. Which of the following is not a likely reason the company chose debt financing? A. Management hopes to increase profits by using financial leveraging. B. The cost of borrowing is reduced because interest expense is tax deductible. C. Adding new owners increases the possibility of bankruptcy if economic conditions get worse. D. If money becomes available, the company can rid itself of debts.arrow_forwardhe Morrit Corporation has $600,000 of debt outstanding, and it pays an interest rate of 8% annually. Morrit’s annual sales are $3 million, its average tax rate is 25%, and its net profit margin on sales is 3%. If the company does not maintain a TIE ratio of at least 5 to 1, then its bank will refuse to renew the loan, and bankruptcy will result. What is Morrit’s TIE ratio?arrow_forwardThe Morrit Corporation has $600,000 of debt outstanding, and it paysan interest rate of 8% annually. Morrit’s annual sales are $3 million, itsaverage tax rate is 40%, and its net profit margin on sales is 3%. If thecompany does not maintain a TIE ratio of at least 5 to 1, then its bankwill refuse to renew the loan, and bankruptcy will result. What is Morrit’sTIE ratio?arrow_forward
- 9) The Morrit Corporation has $450,000 of debt outstanding, and it pays an interest rate of 9% annually. Morrit's annual sales are $3 million, its average tax rate is 25%, and its net profit margin on sales is 5%. If the company does not maintain a TIE ratio of at least 3 to 1, then its bank will refuse to renew the loan, and bankruptcy will result. What is Morrit's TIE ratio? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to two decimal places. 10) What is the future value of a 6%, 5-year ordinary annuity that pays $350 each year? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent. $ If this were an annuity due, what would its future value be? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent. $arrow_forwardSouthwestern Wear Inc. has the following balance sheet: The trustees costs total 281,250, and the firm has no accrued taxes or wages. The debentures are subordinated only to the notes payable. If the firm goes bankrupt and liquidates, how much will each class of investors receive if a total of 2.5 million is received from sale of the assets?arrow_forwardDavid Lyons, CEO of Lyons Solar Technologies, is concerned about his firms level of debt financing. The company uses short-term debt to finance its temporary working capital needs, but it does not use any permanent (long-term) debt. Other solar technology companies have debt, and Mr. Lyons wonders why they use debt and what its effects are on stock prices. To gain some insights into the matter, he poses the following questions to you, his recently hired assistant: e. Suppose the expected free cash flow for Year 1 is 250,000 but it is expected to grow faster than 7% during the next 3 years: FCF2 = 290,000 and FCF3 = 320,000, after which it will grow at a constant rate of 7%. The expected interest expense at Year 1 is 128,000, but it is expected to grow over the next couple of years before the capital structure becomes constant: Interest expense at Year 2 will be 152,000, at Year 3 it will be 192,000 and it will grow at 7% thereafter. What is the estimated horizon unlevered value of operations (i.e., the value at Year 3 immediately after the FCF at Year 3)? What is the current unlevered value of operations? What is the horizon value of the tax shield at Year 3? What is the current value of the tax shield? What is the current total value? The tax rate and unlevered cost of equity remain at 25% and 14%, respectively.arrow_forward
- David Lyons, CEO of Lyons Solar Technologies, is concerned about his firms level of debt financing. The company uses short-term debt to finance its temporary working capital needs, but it does not use any permanent (long-term) debt. Other solar technology companies have debt, and Mr. Lyons wonders why they use debt and what its effects are on stock prices. To gain some insights into the matter, he poses the following questions to you, his recently hired assistant: Now assume that Firms L and U are both subject to a 25% corporate tax rate. Using the data given in part b, repeat the analysis called for in parts b(1) and b(2) using assumptions from the MM model with taxes.arrow_forwardByrd Enterprises has no debt. Its current total value is $50.2 million. Assume debt proceeds are used to repurchase equity. Ignoring taxes, what will the company’s value be if it sells $20 million in debt? Note: Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer in dollars, not millions of dollars, rounded to the nearest whole number, e.g., 1,234,567. Suppose now that the company’s tax rate is 21 percent. What will its overall value be if it sells $20 million in debt? Note: Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer in dollars, not millions of dollars, rounded to the nearest whole number, e.g., 1,234,567.arrow_forwardThe Tarpon Corp has $325,000 of debt outstanding, and it pays an interest rate of 7% annually. Its annual sales are $900,000, its average tax rate is 25%, and its net profit margin on sales is 10 %. If the company does not maintain a times interest earned (TIE) ratio of greater than 5 to 1, then its bank will refuse to renew the loan and bankruptcy will result. Holding sales constant, at what operating (EBIT) margin would the bank refuse to renew the loan? O 14.06% O 16.25% O 15.17% O 17.50%arrow_forward
- Intermediate Financial Management (MindTap Course...FinanceISBN:9781337395083Author:Eugene F. Brigham, Phillip R. DavesPublisher:Cengage Learning