BIOL 308: BIOL-MSTBIO NEW DSGN ACCESS
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781323838877
Author: Campbell
Publisher: Pearson Custom Publishing
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Question
Chapter 17, Problem 10TYU
Summary Introduction
To propose: An evolutionary explanation for the statement that most amino acids are coded by a similar set of codons.
Concept introduction:
The genetic information of DNA is based on the
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One remarkable feature of the genetic code is that amino acids with similar chemical properties often have similar codons. thus codons with U or C as the second nucleotide tend to specify hydrophobic amino acids. Can you suggest a possible explanation for this phenomenon in terms of the early evolution of the protein-synthesis machinery?
Taking start and stop codon into consideration, if we have an mRNA sequence with 30 nucleotides, how many amino acids would be found in the resulting polypeptide (protein chain)? Why?
DNA is comprised of 4 bases (ACTG) to code for all 20 amino acids represented in an amino acid table. What if there were there 300 unique amino acids, would be the minimum number of bases required in each codon? Explain how you reached that conclusion.
Chapter 17 Solutions
BIOL 308: BIOL-MSTBIO NEW DSGN ACCESS
Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 17.1 - What polypeptide product would you expect from a...Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 17.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS In a research artide about...Ch. 17.2 - What enables RNA polymerase to start transcribing...Ch. 17.2 - WHAT IF? Suppose X-rays caused a sequence change...Ch. 17.3 - There are about 20,000 human protein-coding genes....Ch. 17.3 - How is RNA splicing similar to how you would watch...Ch. 17.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 17.4 - What two processes ensure that the correct amino...
Ch. 17.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 17.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 17.4 - WH AT IF? In eukaryotic cells, mRNAs have been...Ch. 17.5 - What happens when one nucleotide pair is lost from...Ch. 17.5 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Individuals heterozygous for the...Ch. 17.5 - WHAT IF? DRAW IT The template strand of a gene...Ch. 17 - Describe the process of gene expression, by which...Ch. 17 - What are the similarities and differences in the...Ch. 17 - What function do the 5' cap and the poly-A tail...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.4CRCh. 17 - What will be the results of chemically modifying...Ch. 17 - In eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin...Ch. 17 - Which of the following is not true of a codon? (A)...Ch. 17 - The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is (A)...Ch. 17 - Which of the following is not true of RNA...Ch. 17 - Which component is not directly involved in...Ch. 17 - Using Figure 17.6, identify a 5' 3' sequence of...Ch. 17 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 17 - Would the coupling of the processes shown in...Ch. 17 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 17 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 17 - scientific inquiry Knowing that the genetic code...Ch. 17 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 17 - Prob. 13TYU
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- Figure 28.41 gives some examples of recombination in IgG codons 95 and 96, as specified by the Vkand Jkgenes. List the codon possibilities and the amino acids encoded if recombination occurred in codon 97. Which of these possibilities is less desirable?arrow_forwardYou discover life on an alien planet. The organism is similar to life on Earth except its DNA is comprised only of A and T (there are no C or G in its genome). If the organism follows the same central dogma as life on Earth, reads triplet codons like life on Earth, and has at least one stop codon, what is the maximum number of different amino acids that could be found in the organisms’ proteins?arrow_forwardPlease explain why it is useful that our RNA is read in codons. Imagine a hypothetical scenario where there are 95 amino acids and only 6 nucleotides available. Calculate how many nucleotides per codon would be required to code for all 95 amino acids. Show and explain your work.arrow_forward
- Draw a tRNA that would recognize the codon 5’ A U G 3’. What is the sequence of this tRNA’s anticodon? Label the ends of the tRNA (3’ and 5’). Label the anticodon in your diagram, and write out the sequence of the anticodon in the context of your figure. Where is the amino acid attached? What type of bonds will form between the anticodon of the tRNA and the mRNA codon?arrow_forwardUsing protein leptins' primary, secondary, and tertiary structure, explain your understanding on their differences. If you happen to mutate (change) the amino acid(s), then write or draw its possible primary, secondary and tertiary structure. Explain and compare this to the original structure of this protein.arrow_forwardA segment in the middle of an mRNA has the sequence 5¿- AGAGAACCGCGA-3¿. Using the codon table, translate this sequence, assuming the first three nucleotides are a codon.arrow_forward
- The solution to question 13 of Chapter 11 in the Human Heredity textbook says an insertion of 3 nucleotides is considered a frameshift mutation. However, the sequence is read by 3 codons per amino acid, so an insertion of 3 would not change the correct reading of any of the other amino acids. Is this solution incorrect?arrow_forwardSCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Knowing that the genetic code is almostuniversal, a scientist uses molecular biological methods toinsert the human β-globin gene (shown in Figure 17.12) intobacterial cells, hoping the cells will express it and synthesizefunctional β-globin protein. Instead, the protein produced isnonfunctional and is found to contain many fewer amino acidsthan does β-globin made by a eukaryotic cell. Explain whyarrow_forwardMost proteins have more leucine than histidine residues, but more histidine than tryptophan residues. Correlate the number of codons for these three amino acids with this information.arrow_forward
- RNA has many functions in a cell. Besides mRNA, which carries information from the genome to the translation machinery, and rRNA, which is part of ribosomes and catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, name three other types of RNA and describe the function of each.arrow_forwardImagine discovering three different bacterial species on a meteorite. Each species contains genetic material that is not DNA, but the genetic material of each species contains four bases. Each species has a different number of amino acids. Use the total number of amino acids per species to determine the minimum codon length for each species.arrow_forwardUse this genetic code table for some of the questions ahead. You do not need to memorize the code, except for the start codon (AUG = Met) and the stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA). Which of the following statements about the genetic code is correct? A) All codons specify more than one amino acid. B) The genetic code is redundant. C) All amino acids are specified by more than one codon. D) All codons specify an amino acid.arrow_forward
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