(a)
Interpretation:
The energy
Concept introduction:
Gibbs free energy gives the value of the maximum reversible amount of work done by system at a condition of constant temperature and pressure. It is a state function.
Helmholtz energy gives the value of the maximum amount of work done by system at a condition of constant volume. It is a state function.
(b)
Interpretation:
The energy
Concept introduction:
Internal energy is defined as the total energy contained in a system. Its absolute value cannot be measured directly. It is a state function.
Gibbs free energy gives the value of the maximum reversible amount of work done by system at a condition of constant temperature and pressure. It is a state function.
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Physical Chemistry
- Use the equipartition principle to estimate the value of γ = Cp/CV for carbon dioxide. Do this calculation with and without the vibrational contribution to the energy. Which is closer to the experimental value at 25 °C?arrow_forwardDiscuss the relation between the thermodynamic and statistical definitions of entropy.arrow_forwardEstimate the values of γ = Cp,m/CV,m for gaseous ammonia and methane. Do this calculation with and without the vibrational contribution to the energy. Which is closer to the experimental value at 25 °C? Hint: Note that Cp,m − CV,m = R for a perfect gas.arrow_forward
- 1.3 The ground level of Cl is 2P3/2 and a 2P1/2 level lies 881 cm-1 there above. Calculate the electronic contribution to the heat capacity of Cl atoms at 500 K.arrow_forwardEvaluate, by explicit summation, the mean vibrational energy of CI4 and plot its value as a function of temperature. At what temperature is the equipartition value within 5 per cent of the accurate value? Use the wavenumbers 178 cm−1 (symmetric stretch, non-degenerate), 90 cm−1 (deformation, doubly degenerate), 555 cm−1 (deformation, triply degenerate), 125 cm−1 (deformation, triply degenerate).arrow_forwardUse the equipartition principle to estimate the values of γ = Cp/CV for gaseous ammonia and methane. Do this calculation with and without the vibrational contribution to the energy. Which is closer to the experimental value at 25 °C?arrow_forward
- Which of the following molecules should have pure rotational spectra? a Dimethyltriacetylene, H3CCCCCCCCH3 b Cyanotetraacetylene, HCCCCCCCCCN Such molecules have been detected in intersteller space. c Nitric oxide, NO d Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 e Sulfur tetrafluoride, SF4 f Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6arrow_forwardCalculate the vibrational, rotational, and translational contributions to the constant volume heat capacity (Cv) for 14N2 at 298 K. Assume this represents the high temperature limit for rotational energy and low temperature limit for vibrational energy. Given that Cv=20.81 J/K·mol for N2, state which type or types of energy contribute most to Cv for N2 and explain why those types of energy contribute most.arrow_forwardQ 1. Use the equipartition principle to estimate the value of γ = Cpm/CVm for gaseous CH3COOH. Do this calculation WITH the vibrational contribution to the energy.arrow_forward
- Physical ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781133958437Author:Ball, David W. (david Warren), BAER, TomasPublisher:Wadsworth Cengage Learning,