Equivalent units, comprehensive. Louisville Sports manufactures baseball bats for use by players in the major leagues. A critical requirement for elite players is that each bat they use have an identical look and feel. As a result, Louisville uses a dedicated process to produce bats to each player’s specifications. One of Louisville’s key clients is Ryan Brown of the Green Bay Brewers. Producing his bat involves the use of three materials—ash, cork, and ink—and a sequence of 20 standardized steps. Materials are added as follows: Ash: This is the basic wood used in bats. Eighty percent of the ash content is added at the start of the process; the rest is added at the start of the 16th step of the process. Cork: This is inserted into the bat in order to increase Ryan’s bat speed. Half of the cork is introduced at the beginning of the seventh step of the process; the rest is added at the beginning of the 14th step. Ink: This is used to stamp Ryan’s name on the finished bat and is added at the end of the process. Of the total conversion costs, 6% are added during each of the first 10 steps of the process, and 4% are added at each of the remaining 10 steps. On May 1, 2017, Louisville had 100 bats in inventory. These bats had completed the ninth step of the process as of April 30, 2017. During May, Louisville put another 60 bats into production. At the end of May, Louisville was left with 40 bats that had completed the 12th step of the production process. 1. Under the weighted-average method of process costing , compute equivalent units of work done for each relevant input for the month of May. 2. Under the FIFO method of process costing, compute equivalent units of work done for each relevant input for the month of May.

Bienestar Inc., has the following departmental structure for producing a well-known multivitamin: A consultant designed the following cellular manufacturing structure for the same product: The times above the processes represent the time required to process one unit of product. Required: 1. Calculate the time required to produce a batch of 15 bottles using a batch-processing departmental structure. 2. Calculate the time to process 15 units using cellular manufacturing. 3. How much manufacturing time will the cellular manufacturing structure save for a batch of 15 units?

The Sedona Company is dedicated to making products that meet the needs of customers in a sustainable manner. Sedona is best known for its KLN water bottle, which is a BPA-free, dishwasher-safe, bubbly glass bottle in a soft silicone sleeve. The production process consists of three basic operations. In the first operation, the glass is formed by remelting cullets (broken or refuse glass). In the second operation, the glass is assembled with the silicone gasket and sleeve. The resulting product is finished in the final operation with the addition of the polypropylene cap. Consulting studies have indicated that of the total conversion costs required to complete a finished unit, the forming operation requires 60%, the assembly 30%, and the finishing 10%. Cullets purchased $67,500 Silicone purchased $24,000 Polypropylene used $ 6,000 Total conversion costs incurred $68,850 Ending inventory, cullets $ 4,500 Ending inventory, silicone $ 3,000 Number of bottles completed and transferred…

Production of sofas at the Cosyhome factory depends on two highly autonomous divisions within the firm. The Woodie division is responsible for manufacturing the wooden chair frame and the Softie division produces the fabric to cover the chairs. Cosyhome operates in a very seasonal and highly competitive market and therefore is keen to implement improvements to its products. One such improvement is a revolutionary new nylon fabric. The Softie division has been asked by the Woodie division to produce the fabric for 4,000 chairs. If Softie meets this request, it will have to reduce output of its existing fabric which it currently sells to firms outside Cosyhome at £15 per metre. This is also the price Woodie must pay for any material purchased from Softie. No external market is expected to be available for the highly specialised nylon fabric. Woodie anticipates that chairs made with the new material will be sold for £23.90 more than at present. Market resistance to higher prices will…

Mariah Enterprises makes a variety of consumer electronic products. Its camera manufacturing plant is considering choosing between two different processes, named Alpha and Beta, which can be used to make two component parts A and B. To make the correct decision, the managers would like to compare the labor and multifactor productivity of process Alpha with that of process Beta. The value of process output for component A and B are $175 and $140 per unit, respectively. The corresponding overhead costs are $6,000 and $5,000, respectively. Process Alpha Process Beta Product A B C D Output (units) 50 60 30 80 Labor ($) $1,200 $1,400 $1,000 $2,000 Material ($) $2,500 $3,000 $1,400 $3,500 a. Which process, Alpha or Beta, is more productive? b. What conclusions can you draw from your analysis?

Kagle design engineers are in the process of developing a new green product, one that will significantly reduce impact on the environment and yet still provide the desired customer functionality. Currently, two designs are being considered. The manager of Kagle has told the engineers that the cost for the new product cannot exceed 550 per unit (target cost). In the past, the Cost Accounting Department has given estimated costs using a unit-based system. At the request of the Engineering Department, Cost Accounting is providing both unit-and activity-based accounting information (made possible by a recent pilot study producing the activity-based data). Unit-based system: Variable conversion activity rate: 100 per direct labor hour Material usage rate: 20 per part ABC system: Labor usage: 15 per direct labor hour Material usage (direct materials): 20 per part Machining: 75 per machine hour Purchasing activity: 150 per purchase order Setup activity: 3,000 per setup hour Warranty activity: 500 per returned unit (usually requires extensive rework) Customer repair cost: 25 per repair hour (average) Required: 1. Select the lower-cost design using unit-based costing. Are logistical and post-purchase activities considered in this analysis? 2. Select the lower-cost design using ABC analysis. Explain why the analysis differs from the unit-based analysis. 3. What if the post-purchase cost was an environmental contaminant and amounted to 10 per unit for Design A and 40 per unit for Design B? Assume that the environmental cost is borne by society. Now which is the better design?

Golding Manufacturing, a division of Farnsworth Sporting Inc., produces two different models of bows and eight models of knives. The bow-manufacturing process involves the production of two major subassemblies: the limbs and the handles. The limbs pass through four sequential processes before reaching final assembly: layup, molding, fabricating, and finishing. In the layup department, limbs are created by laminating layers of wood. In the molding department, the limbs are heat-treated, under pressure, to form strong resilient limbs. In the fabricating department, any protruding glue or other processing residue is removed. Finally, in the finishing department, the limbs are cleaned with acetone, dried, and sprayed with the final finishes. The handles pass through two processes before reaching final assembly: pattern and finishing. In the pattern department, blocks of wood are fed into a machine that is set to shape the handles. Different patterns are possible, depending on the machines setting. After coming out of the machine, the handles are cleaned and smoothed. They then pass to the finishing department, where they are sprayed with the final finishes. In final assembly, the limbs and handles are assembled into different models using purchased parts such as pulley assemblies, weight-adjustment bolts, side plates, and string. Golding, since its inception, has been using process costing to assign product costs. A predetermined overhead rate is used based on direct labor dollars (80% of direct labor dollars). Recently, Golding has hired a new controller, Karen Jenkins. After reviewing the product-costing procedures, Karen requested a meeting with the divisional manager, Aaron Suhr. The following is a transcript of their conversation: Karen: Aaron, I have some concerns about our cost accounting system. We make two different models of bows and are treating them as if they were the same product. Now I know that the only real difference between the models is the handle. The processing of the handles is the same, but the handles differ significantly in the amount and quality of wood used. Our current costing does not reflect this difference in material input. Aaron: Your predecessor is responsible. He believed that tracking the difference in material cost wasnt worth the effort. He simply didnt believe that it would make much difference in the unit cost of either model. Karen: Well, he may have been right, but I have my doubts. If there is a significant difference, it could affect our views of which model is more important to the company. The additional bookkeeping isnt very stringent. All we have to worry about is the pattern department. The other departments fit what I view as a process-costing pattern. Aaron: Why dont you look into it? If there is a significant difference, go ahead and adjust the costing system. After the meeting, Karen decided to collect cost data on the two models: the Deluxe model and the Econo model. She decided to track the costs for one week. At the end of the week, she had collected the following data from the pattern department: a. There were a total of 2,500 bows completed: 1,000 Deluxe models and 1,500 Econo models. b. There was no BWIP; however, there were 300 units in EWIP: 200 Deluxe and 100 Econo models. Both models were 80% complete with respect to conversion costs and 100% complete with respect to materials. c. The pattern department experienced the following costs: d. On an experimental basis, the requisition forms for materials were modified to identify the dollar value of the materials used by the Econo and Deluxe models: Required: 1. Compute the unit cost for the handles produced by the pattern department, assuming that process costing is totally appropriate. Round unit cost to two decimal places. 2. Compute the unit cost of each handle, using the separate cost information provided on materials. Round unit cost to two decimal places. 3. Compare the unit costs computed in Requirements 1 and 2. Is Karen justified in her belief that a pure process-costing relationship is not appropriate? Describe the costing system that you would recommend. 4. In the past, the marketing manager has requested more money for advertising the Econo line. Aaron has repeatedly refused to grant any increase in this products advertising budget because its per-unit profit (selling price minus manufacturing cost) is so low. Given the results in Requirements 1 through 3, was Aaron justified in his position?

Bryan Inc. produces a specialty top-quality juice machine. The product, the JM50, requires four processes to be completed. Specifically, these processes are exterior construction, pulp filter insertion, painting, and packaging. Each process is performed at separate workstations with different completion rates:Exterior construction can manufacture 112,000 juicer exteriors per day.Pulp filter insertion can install 28,000 filters every 6 hours.Painting can decorate 3,060 juicers every half hour.Packaging can package 5,060 juicers per hour.The plant operates 24/7, 24 hours a day every day of the week.How many JM50 machines can Bryan Inc. manufacture per month (assume an average 30-day month)?

Kagle design engineers are in the process of developing a new “green” product, one that will significantly reduce impact on the environment and yet still provide the desired customer functionality. Currently, two designs are being considered. The manager of Kagle has told the engineers that the cost for the new product cannot exceed $550 per unit (target cost). In the past, the Cost Accounting Department has given estimated costs using a unit-based system. At the request of the Engineering Department, Cost Accounting is providing both unit- and activity-based accounting information (made possible by a recent pilot study producing the activity-based data). Unit-based system:Variable conversion activity rate: $100 per direct labor hourMaterial usage rate: $20 per partABC system:Labor usage: $15 per direct labor hourMaterial usage (direct materials): $20 per partMachining: $75 per machine hourPurchasing activity: $150 per purchase orderSetup activity: $3,000 per setup hourWarranty…

Johnston Adhesives Company makes three widely used industrial adhesives: A101, A204, and B216. Sales and production information for each of the three adhesives are shown in the following table. Most of Johnston’s customers ask for a special blend of the three products, which improves heat-resistance. The additional separable processing requires additional time and materials, and the price is increased accordingly, as shown in the table. Assume that Johnston produces only for specific customer orders, so there is no beginning or ending inventory. Assume also that all of Johnston’s customers requested the heat-resistant version of the products so that all production required additional separable processing. Total joint cost for the three products is $3,411,000. A101 A204 B216 Gallons sold 240,000 240,000 178,000 Final sales price per gallon $ 13 $ 6 $ 11 Price at split-off 10 3 7 Separable processing cost $ 563,000 $ 81,000 $ 623,000 Calculate the unit product cost…

Waterway has recently started to manufacture RecRobo, a three-wheeled robot that can scan a home for fires and gas leaks and then transmit this information to a mobile phone. The cost structure to manufacture 19,900 RecRobos is as follows: Cost Direct materials ($45 per robot) $895,500 Direct labor ($31 per robot) 616,900 Variable overhead ($8 per robot) 159,200 Allocated fixed overhead ($23 per robot) 457,700 Total $2,129,300 Waterway is approached by Cinrich Inc., which offers to make RecRobo for $83 per unit or $1,651,700. Using incremental analysis, determine whether Waterway should accept this offer under this following independent assumption: (see attachement). In attachement: see dropdown options. Please don't forget to answer: should the offer be accepted or not.

Recently, Mewah Designs expanded its market by becoming an original equipment supplier toJee Wrangler. Mewah Designs produces factory upgraded speakers specifically for JeeWrangler. The Kicker components and speaker cabinets are outsourced with assemblyremaining in-house. Mewah Designs assemble the product by placing the speakers and othercomponents in cabinets that define an audio package upgrade and that can be placed into theJee Wrangler, producing the desired factory-installed appearance. Speaker cabinets andassociated Kicker components are added at the beginning of the assembly process.Assume that Mewah Designs uses the weighted-average method to cost out the audio package.The following are cost and production data for the assembly process for April: Production:Units in process, April 1, 60% complete 60,000Units completed and transferred out 150,000Units in process, April 30, 20% complete 30,000Costs:WIP, April 1:Cabinets RM 1,200,000Kicker components RM 12,600,000Conversion costs…

Solution Summary: The author explains the weighted average method, which calculates the equivalent units for ash, cork, ink and conversion costs using FIFO method.

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