Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change - Standalone book
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change - Standalone book
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780073511177
Author: Martin Silberberg Dr., Patricia Amateis Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 18, Problem 18.149P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Carbon dioxide when dissolved in water undergoes multistep equilibrium process.  The reactions are,

      CO2(g) + H2O(l)H2CO3(aq)H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)HCO3-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

Each step has to be classified as a Lewis or a Bronsted-Lowry reaction.

Concept Introduction:

Bronsted-Lowry reaction:

Any species that has the capability of accepting a proton, which requires a lone pair of electrons to bond to H+ is said to be Bronsted-Lowry base.

Any species that has the capability of donating a proton (H+) is said to be Bronsted-Lowry acid.

According to Bronsted-Lowry theory, an acid-base reaction in which a proton is transferred from an acid to base is said to be Bronsted-Lowry reaction.

Example:

  NH3(g)+ HCl(g)  NH4Cl(s)

In the above reaction, HCl acts as Bronsted-Lowry acid and donates proton which is accepted by NH3 using its lone pair.  So, NH3 is Bronsted-Lowry base.

Lewis reaction:

In an acid-base reaction, Lewis base donates electrons to the acid and Lewis acid accepts the electron pair to form a covalent bond between Lewis acid and Lewis base.

Example:

  A + B  A-B

In the above example, A is an acid and B is a base.  B donates electrons to A and forms an adduct.

(a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Explanation of Solution

The given reactions are

      CO2(g) + H2O(l)H2CO3(aq)H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)HCO3-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

Lewis reaction:

  CO2(g) + H2O(l)H2CO3(aq)

In the formation of carbonic acid, CO2 is the Lewis acid and H2O is Lewis base.  H2O donates electrons to CO2 to form H2CO3.

Bronsted-Lowry reaction:

  H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)HCO3-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

The above reaction is Bronsted-Lowry reaction and also Lewis reaction.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The pH value of non-polluted rainwater in equilibrium with clean air has to be calculated.  (PCO2 in clean air = 4×10-4 atm; Henry’s law constant for CO2 at 25°C is 0.033 mol/L.atm and Koverall = 4.5×10-7).

(b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Explanation of Solution

The reaction can be given as

  CO2(g)+ 2H2O(l)HCO3-(aq)+ H3O+(aq)

The molarity of CO2 can be calculated as

  Molarity of CO2 = kHPCO2Molarity of CO2 = (0.033 mol/L.atm)(4×10-4atm)    = 1.320×10-5 M CO2

Given: Koverall = 4.5×10-7,

  Koverall = [H3O+][HCO3-][CO2]4.5×10-7 = [x][x][1.320×10-5-x]

Assume x is small when compared to 1.320×10-5.

  4.5×10-7 = [x][x][1.320×10-5]x = 2.4372×10-6

The value of x calculated has to be compared to 1.320×10-5.

  2.4372×10-61.320×10-5 (100) = 18% error

As the calculated error is more than 5%, the assumption of ‘x’ value smaller than the value of 1.320×10-5 is not acceptable.

Quadratic equation is necessary to use to calculate x.

  x2 = (4.5×10-7)(1.320×10-5-x)x2 = 5.940×10-12- 4.5×10-7xx2 + 4.5×10-7x - 5.940×10-12 = 0

Consider a = 1, b = 4.5×10-7, c = -5.940×10-12.

  x = -b ± b2- 4ac2ax = -4.5×10-7 ± (4.5×10-7)2- 4(1)(-5.940×10-12)2(1)x = 2.222575 × 10-6 M H3O+

The pH can be calculated as

  pH = -log[H3O+]pH = -log (2.222575 × 10-6pH = 5.6531

The pH of non-polluted rainwater in equilibrium with clean air is 5.6.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The [CO32-] in rain water has to be calculated.  (Ka of  HCO3- = 4.7 × 10-11).

(c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Explanation of Solution

The reaction can be given as

  HCO3-(aq)+ H2O(l)H3O+(aq)+ CO32-(aq)

Given, Ka of  HCO3- = 4.7 × 10-11.

  Ka = [H3O+][CO32-][HCO3-]

Using the x value calculated in sub-part (b), x = 2.222575 × 10-6 M H3O+,

  4.7 × 10-11 = [2.222575 × 10-6+ x][x][2.222575 × 10-6- x]assume x is small compared to 2×10-6,4.7 × 10-11 = [2.222575 × 10-6][x][2.222575 × 10-6][CO32-] = x = 4.7×10-11 = 5×10-11 M CO32-

The value of x is compared to 2×10-6.

  4.7×10-112.222575×10-6 (100) = 0.0021% error

As the calculated error is less than 5% ; the assumption made is valid.

The [CO32-] in rain water is calculated as 5×10-11.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

If the partial pressure of CO2 in clean air doubles in the next few decades, the pH of rainwater has to be calculated.

(d)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Explanation of Solution

Given, PCO2 in clean air = 4×10-4 atm; Henry’s law constant for CO2 at 25°C is 0.033 mol/L.atm and Koverall = 4.5×10-7.

The value of PCO2 is doubled.  The molarity of CO2 can be calculated as

  Molarity of CO2 = 2kHPCO2Molarity of CO2 = 2(0.033 mol/L.atm)(4×10-4atm)    = 2.640 ×10-5 M CO2

Given: Koverall = 4.5×10-7,

  Koverall = [H3O+][HCO3-][CO2]4.5×10-7 = [x][x][2.640×10-5-x]

Assume x is small when compared to 2.640×10-5.

  4.5×10-7 = [x][x][2.640×10-5]x = 3.44674×10-6

The value of x calculated has to be compared to 2.640×10-5.

  3.44674×10-62.640×10-5 (100) = 13% error

As the calculated error is more than 5%, the assumption ‘x’ smaller than the value of 2.640×10-5 is not acceptable.

Quadratic equation is necessary to use to calculate x.

  x2 = (4.5×10-7)(2.640×10-5-x)x2 = 1.1880×10-11- 4.5×10-7xx2 + 4.5×10-7x - 1.1880×10-11 = 0

Consider: a = 1, b = 4.5×10-7, c = -1.1880×10-11.

  x = -b ± b2- 4ac2ax = -4.5×10-7 ± (4.5×10-7)2- 4(1)(-1.1880×10-11)2(1)x = 3.229 × 10-6 M H3O+

The pH can be calculated as

  pH = -log[H3O+]pH = -log (3.229 × 10-6pH = 5.4909 = 5.5

The value of pH rainwater when partial pressure of CO2 doubled is 5.5.

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Chapter 18 Solutions

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change - Standalone book

Ch. 18.3 - The left-hand scene in the margin represents the...Ch. 18.3 - The right-hand scene depicts an aqueous solution...Ch. 18.4 - The conjugate acid of ammonia is the weak acid ....Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 18.7BFPCh. 18.4 - Cyanic acid (HOCN) is an extremely acrid, unstable...Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 18.8BFPCh. 18.4 - Prob. 18.9AFPCh. 18.4 - Prob. 18.9BFPCh. 18.4 - Prob. 18.10AFPCh. 18.4 - Prob. 18.10BFPCh. 18.6 - Pyridine (C5H5N, see the space-filling model)...Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 18.11BFPCh. 18.6 - Prob. 18.12AFPCh. 18.6 - Prob. 18.12BFPCh. 18.7 - Write equations to predict whether solutions of...Ch. 18.7 - Write equations to predict whether solutions of...Ch. 18.7 - Determine whether solutions of the following salts...Ch. 18.7 - Prob. 18.14BFPCh. 18.9 - Prob. 18.15AFPCh. 18.9 - Prob. 18.15BFPCh. 18 - Prob. 18.1PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.2PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.3PCh. 18 - What do “strong” and “weak” mean for acids and...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.5PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.6PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.7PCh. 18 - Which of the following are Arrhenius...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.9PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.10PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.11PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.12PCh. 18 - Use Appendix C to rank the following in order of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.14PCh. 18 - Classify each as a strong or weak acid or...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.16PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.17PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.18PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.19PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.20PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.21PCh. 18 - Which solution has the higher pH? Explain. A 0.1 M...Ch. 18 - (a) What is the pH of 0.0111 M NaOH? Is the...Ch. 18 - (a) What is the pH of 0.0333 M HNO3? Is the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.25PCh. 18 - (a) What is the pH of 7.52×10−4 M CsOH? Is the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.27PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.28PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.29PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.30PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.31PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.32PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.33PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.34PCh. 18 - The two molecular scenes shown depict the relative...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.36PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.37PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.38PCh. 18 - A Brønstcd-Lowry acid-base reaction proceeds in...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.40PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.41PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.42PCh. 18 - Give the formula of the conjugate...Ch. 18 - Give the formula of the conjugate base: Ch. 18 - Give the formula of the conjugate...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.46PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.47PCh. 18 - In each equation, label the acids, bases, and...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.49PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.50PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.51PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.52PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.53PCh. 18 - The following aqueous species constitute two...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.55PCh. 18 - Use Figure 18.8 to determine whether Kc > 1...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.57PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.58PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.59PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.60PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.61PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.62PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.63PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.64PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.65PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.66PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.67PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.68PCh. 18 - Hypochlorous acid, HClO, has a pKa of 7.54. What...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.70PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.71PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.72PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.73PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.74PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.75PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.76PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.77PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.78PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.79PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.80PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.81PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.82PCh. 18 - Formic acid, HCOOH, the simplest carboxylic acid,...Ch. 18 - Across a period, how does the electronegativity of...Ch. 18 - How does the atomic size of a nonmetal affect the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.86PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.87PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.88PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.89PCh. 18 - Choose the stronger acid in each of the following...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.91PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.92PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.93PCh. 18 - Use Appendix C to choose the solution with the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.95PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.96PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.97PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.98PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.99PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.100PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.101PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.102PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.103PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.104PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.105PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.106PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.107PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.108PCh. 18 - What is the pKb of ? What is the pKa of the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.110PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.111PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.112PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.113PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.114PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.115PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.116PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.117PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.118PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.119PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.120PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.121PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.122PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.123PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.124PCh. 18 - Explain with equations and calculations, when...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.126PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.127PCh. 18 - Rank the following salts in order of increasing pH...Ch. 18 - Rank the following salts in order of decreasing pH...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.130PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.131PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.132PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.133PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.134PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.135PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.136PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.137PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.138PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.139PCh. 18 - Which are Lewis acids and which are Lewis...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.141PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.142PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.143PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.144PCh. 18 - Classify the following as Arrhenius,...Ch. 18 - Chloral (Cl3C—CH=O) forms a monohydrate, chloral...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.147PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.148PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.149PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.150PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.151PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.152PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.153PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.154PCh. 18 - The strength of an acid or base is related to its...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.156PCh. 18 - Three beakers contain 100. mL of 0.10 M HCl,...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.158PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.159PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.160PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.161PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.162PCh. 18 - What is the pH of a vinegar with 5.0% (w/v) acetic...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.164PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.165PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.166PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.167PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.168PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.169PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.170PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.171PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.172PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.173PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.174PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.175PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.176PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.177PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.178PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.179PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.180PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.181PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.182PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.183PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.184PCh. 18 - Drinking water is often disinfected with Cl2,...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.186P
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