Prescott's Microbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781259281594
Author: Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood Adjunt Professor Lecturer, Christopher J. Woolverton Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 18, Problem 2CHI
Summary Introduction
EMSA stands for electrophoretic mobility shift assay and it is the most common method used to study DNA-protein interactions. This method is also termed as a gel shift assay. This is because the DNA binding protein is added to the purified target DNA mixture and its mobility is slowed down using an agarose gel. The DNA-protein complex is found to be shifted to a higher molecular weight when compared to the DNA without the protein. Usually, the magnitude of the shift is related to the DNA-protein ratio. Thus, the largest shift would be seen when sufficient protein is added.
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If the above gene is one of the three structural genes of the lac operon that codes for the protein/ enzyme responsible for breaking lactose into two molecules of simple sugars, what triggers the activation of this gene?
a.
Absence of Inhibitory protein
b.
Presence of lactose
c.
Absence of lactose
d.
Presence of Inhibitory protein
e.
Absence of Regulatory protein
Suppose you are studying the regulation of a gene involved in the metabolism of two nutrients, Llamasin and Alpacalon, in bacteria. You are trying to determine if these nutrients act as inducers in their operons. The following data were collected from your experiments. Which of these operons is most similar to the lac operon? Explain.
Nutrient
Levels of nutrient in growth medium
Level of transcription of genes in operon
Llamasin
low
high
high
low
Alpacalon
low
low
high
high
Highlight one in green:
Llamasin Alpacalon
Explanation:
If glucose is not available, but lactose is available from the environment, what is the status of transcription of the lac operon genes? Explain your answer from both an evolutionary perspective and in terms of negative and positive regulation of the operon?
Chapter 18 Solutions
Prescott's Microbiology
Ch. 18.1 - MICRO INQUIRY What is the function of the 3-OH...Ch. 18.1 - MICRO INQUIRY Why is it important that identical...Ch. 18.2 - MICRO INQUIRY Which step (or steps) in this...Ch. 18.2 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Why is the Sanger technique...Ch. 18.2 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Explain the difference...Ch. 18.2 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Why does reversible chain...Ch. 18.2 - Prob. 4RIACh. 18.2 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Suggest a medical and an...Ch. 18.3 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply What is a phylotype?Ch. 18.3 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply NGS techniques are...
Ch. 18.3 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Examine figure 18.8. How...Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 1MICh. 18.5 - Figure 18.12 Metabolic Pathways and Transport...Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 2MICh. 18.5 - Prob. 3MICh. 18.5 - Prob. 1.1RIACh. 18.5 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply How might the following...Ch. 18.5 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply What specific limitations...Ch. 18.5 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Compare and contrast...Ch. 18.5 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Why does two-dimensional...Ch. 18.5 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply What is the difference...Ch. 18.5 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Describe a ChIP-Seq...Ch. 18.7 - Prob. 1MICh. 18.7 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Cite an infectious disease...Ch. 18.7 - Prob. 2RIACh. 18.7 - Prob. 3RIACh. 18 - Propose an experiment that can be done easily with...Ch. 18 - Prob. 2CHICh. 18 - You are developing a new vaccine for a pathogen....Ch. 18 - Prob. 4CHICh. 18 - Prob. 5CHICh. 18 - Prob. 6CHI
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- A mutation that inactivates the repressor gene of the lac operon results in (a) the continuous transcription of the structural genes (b) no transcription of the structural genes (c) the binding of the repressor to the operator (d) no production of RNA polymerase (e) no difference in the rate of transcriptionarrow_forwardOperons involved with the biosynthesis of molecules such as amino acids are most likely to be regulated in which of the following ways? a. The product of the biosynthetic pathway represses transcription. b. The product of the biosynthetic pathway activates transcription. c. A precursor of the biosynthetic pathway represses transcription. d. A precursor of the biosynthetic pathway activates transcription.arrow_forwardThe lac operon produces enzymes that allow the bacteria E. coli to metabolize lactose, it is in an inducable operon. When lactose is present, will the repressor protein attach or leave the operon? How would this effect the production of lactose producing enzymes?arrow_forward
- The lac operon of E. coli controls the expression of genes that code for enzymes involved in lactose metabolism. Mutations to various regions of the lac operon have been discovered which affect both the control of gene expression and the function of the gene products. These mutations include: I - = produces a repressor protein that cannot bind to the operator region IS = produces a repressor protein that cannot be removed from the operator region OC = cannot bind a repressor protein Z - = produces a defective (non-functioning) β-galactosidase enzyme + = wild type Detail the functionality of the lac operon under the following genetic and cellular conditions. You do not need to consider the role of CAP in your analysis. Genes Repressed (yes/no) Constitutive (yes/no) IS O+ Z+ IS OC Z+arrow_forwardThe lac operon of E. coli controls the expression of genes that code for enzymes involved in lactose metabolism. Mutations to various regions of the lac operon have been discovered which affect both the control of gene expression and the function of the gene products. These mutations include: I - = produces a repressor protein that cannot bind to the operator region IS = produces a repressor protein that cannot be removed from the operator region OC = cannot bind a repressor protein Z - = produces a defective (non-functioning) β-galactosidase enzyme + = wild type Detail the functionality of the lac operon under the following genetic and cellular conditions. You do not need to consider the role of CAP in your analysis. Genes Repressed (yes/no) Constitutive (yes/no) I+ OC Z+ I+ O+ Z+ (Lactose present) I- O+ Z+arrow_forwardIf the two trp codons in the leader sequence were mutated to stop codons, what effect would it have on gene expression of that operon.arrow_forward
- An enhancer, located upstream from a gene, has the following sequence: 5′–GTAG–3′ 3′–CATC–5′ This enhancer is orientation-independent. Which of the following sequences also works as an enhancer? A. 5′–CTAC–3′ 3′–GATG–5′ B. 5′–GATG–3′ 3′–CTAC–5′ C. 5′–CATC–3′ 3′–GTAG–5′ C15.arrow_forwardIf you add a co-eepressor to a repressor protein and that allows it to bind the operator is this a inducible, constitutive or repressible operon?arrow_forwardMutations may have an effect on the expression of the lac operon and the trp operon. Would the following mutations have a cis- or transeffect on the expression of the protein-encoding genes in the operon? A. A mutation in the operator site that prevents lac repressor from binding to it B. A mutation in the lacI gene that prevents lac repressor from binding to DNA C. A mutation in the trpL gene that prevents attenuationarrow_forward
- What if there was a mutation in the operator region of the lac operon and the active repressor could not bind there? How would this affect the cell’s production of β–galactosidase?In general, Histone acetylation makes DNA ___________________, while DNA methylation makes DNA ________________.arrow_forwardYou then make a screen to identify potential mutants (shown as * in the diagram) that are able to constitutively activate Up Late operon in the absence of Red Bull and those that are not able to facilitate E. Coli growth even when fed Red Bull. You find that each class of mutations localize separately to two separate regions. For those mutations that prevent growth even when fed Red Bull are all clustered upstream of the core promoter around -50 bp. For those mutations that are able to constitutively activate the operon in the absence of Red Bull are all located between the coding region of sleep and wings. Further analysis of each DNA sequence shows that the sequence upstream of the promoter binds the protein wings and the region between the coding sequence of sleep and wings binds the protein sleep. When the DNA sequence of each is mutated, the ability to bind DNA is lost. Propose a final method of gene regulation of the Up Lateoperon using an updated drawn figure of the Up Late…arrow_forwardIn lac operon, both gene A and gene B undergo a transcription process. Gene B can only undergo transcription in the presence of lactose and in the absence of glucose. The product of gene A is often altered by an inducer. Which of the following is true about genes A and B? Select one: a. Gene A= structural gene; Gene B= regulatory gene b. Gene A= regulatory gene; Gene B= structural gene c. Gene A= promoter gene; Gene B= operator gene d. Gene A= lacZ gene; Gene B= promoter genearrow_forward
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